Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids

Summary

A protocol for the synthesis and characterization of colloids coated with supramolecular moieties is described. These supramolecular colloids undergo self-assembly upon the activation of the hydrogen-bonds between the surface-anchored molecules by UV-light.

Abstract

Control over colloidal assembly is of utmost importance for the development of functional colloidal materials with tailored structural and mechanical properties for applications in photonics, drug delivery and coating technology. Here we present a new family of colloidal building blocks, coined supramolecular colloids, whose self-assembly is controlled through surface-functionalization with a benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) derived supramolecular moiety. Such BTAs interact via directional, strong, yet reversible hydrogen-bonds with other identical BTAs. Herein, a protocol is presented that describes how to couple these BTAs to colloids and how to quantify the number of coupling sites, which determines the multivalency of the supramolecular colloids. Light scattering measurements show that the refractive index of the colloids is almost matched with that of the solvent, which strongly reduces the van der Waals forces between the colloids. Before photo-activation, the colloids remain well dispersed, as the BTAs are equipped with a photo-labile group that blocks the formation of hydrogen-bonds. Controlled deprotection with UV-light activates the short-range hydrogen-bonds between the BTAs, which triggers the colloidal self-assembly. The evolution from the dispersed state to the clustered state is monitored by confocal microscopy. These results are further quantified by image analysis with simple routines using ImageJ and Matlab. This merger of supramolecular chemistry and colloidal science offers a direct route towards light- and thermo-responsive colloidal assembly encoded in the surface-grafted monolayer.

Introduction

Mesostructured colloidal materials find widespread application in science and technology, as model systems for fundamental studies on atomic and molecular materials^1,2, as photonic materials^3,4, as drug delivery systems^5,6, as coatings⁷ and in lithography for surface patterning^8,9. Since lyophobic colloids are metastable materials that eventually aggregate irreversibly due to the omnipresent van der Waals interactions, their manipulation into specific target structures is notoriously difficult. Numerous strategies have been developed to control colloidal self-assembly including the use of additives to tune the ele....

Protocol

1. Synthesis of Core-shell Silica Particles

Note: Silica particles are synthesized according to the following procedure, which is based on the Stöber method^24,25.

1. Synthesis of fluorescent silica seeds
   1. Dissolve 105 mg (0.27 mmol) of fluorescein-isothiocyanate in 5 ml of ethanol.
   2. Add 100 µl of (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES, 0.43 mmol) to the previous solution.
   3. Sonicate the solution during 5 min and let it react overnight under an argon atmosphere at room temperature while stirring. The dye-functionalized APTES complex is used without purificati....

Results

 Given that the two-step procedure used to synthesize the supramolecular colloids (Figure 1a), couples the BTA- derivatives (Figure 1b) in a second step at room temperature and in mild-reaction conditions, its stability is ensured.

Discussion

When cyclohexane, with a refractive index of 1.426, is used as a solvent to disperse the BTA-colloids, van der Waals interactions are very weak, since the refractive indices of colloids and solvent are nearly the same. Note that the concentration of functionalized colloids used for the SLS experiments in cyclohexane is much higher compared to the bare silica colloids in water. This is necessary to obtain a sufficiently strong scattering due to the low contrast as the refractive indices are almost matched. Trace amounts o.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
APTES	Sigma-Aldrich
FTIC	Sigma-Aldrich
TEOS	Sigma-Aldrich
LUDOX AS-40	Sigma-Aldrich		Silica particles of 13 nm in radius
MilliQ	---	---	18.2 MΩ·cm at 25 °C
Ethanol	SolvaChrom		---
Ammonia (25% in water)	Sigma-Aldrich		---
Chloroform	SolvaChrom		---
Cyclohexane	Sigma-Aldrich		---
Dimethylformamide (DMF)	Sigma-Aldrich		---
Stearyl alcohol	Sigma-Aldrich		---
N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA)	Sigma-Aldrich		---
Benzotriazol-1-yl-oxytripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBOP)	Sigma-Aldrich		---
Succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate (SPDP)	Sigma-Aldrich		---
Dithiothreitol (DTT)	Sigma-Aldrich		---
NVOC-C11-OH	Synthesized	---	I. de Feijter, 2014 Responsive materials from adaptive supramolecular constructs, Doctoral thesis, Technical University of Eindhoven, The Netherlands
BTA	Synthesized	---	I. de Feijter, 2014 Responsive materials from adaptive supramolecular constructs, Doctoral thesis, Technical University of Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Centrifuge	Thermo Scientific		Heraeus Megafuge 1.0
Ultrasound bath	VWR		Ultrasonic cleaner
Peristaltic pumps	Harvard Apparatus		PHD Ultra Syringe Pump
UV-oven	Luzchem		LZC-a V UV reactor equipped with 8x8 UVA light bulbs (λmax=354 nm)
Stirrer-heating plate	Heidolph		MR-Hei Standard
[header]
Light Scattering	ALV		CGS-3 MD-4 compact goniometer system, equipped with a Multiple Tau digital real time correlator (ALV-7004) and a solid-state laser (λ=532 nm, 40 mW)
UV-Vis spectrophotometer	Thermo Scientific		NanoDrop 1000 Spectrophotometer
Confocal microscope	Nikon		Ti Eclipse with an argon laser with λexcitation=488 nm
Slide spacers	Sigma-Aldrich		Grace BioLabs Secure seal imaging spacer (1 well, diam. × thickness 13 mm × 0.12 mm)
Syringes	BD Plastipak		20 ml syringe
Plastic tubing	SCI	BB31695-PE/5	Ethylene oxide gas sterilizable micro medical tubing
Pulsating vortex mixer	VWR		Electrical: 120 V, 50/60 Hz, 150 W Speed Range: 500–3,000 rpm