Kultur og Transfektion af zebrafisk primærelementer
Summary
Vi præsenterer en effektiv og nem at bruge protokol til forberedelse af primære cellekulturer af zebrafisk embryoner til Transfektion og levende celle billedbehandling samt en protokol til at forberede primære celler fra voksne zebrafisk hjernen.
Abstract
Zebrafisk embryoner er gennemsigtige og udvikle hurtigt uden for mor, således giver mulighed for fremragende i vivo billeddannelse af dynamiske biologiske processer i en intakt og udvikle hvirveldyr. Men den detaljerede billeddannelse af morfologier af forskellige celletyper og subcellulært strukturer er begrænset i hele mounts. Derfor, vi etableret en effektiv og nem at bruge protokollen til kultur levende primærelementer fra zebrafisk embryoner og voksent væv.
Kort sagt, er 2 dpf zebrafisk embryoner dechorionated, deyolked, steriliseret, og dissocieres til enkelt celler med collagenase. Efter en filtrering skridt, primærelementer belagt på bunden glasfade og dyrkes i flere dage. Frisk kulturer, så meget som lang sigt differenciated dem, kan bruges til høj opløsning Konfokal billeddiagnostiske undersøgelser. Kulturen indeholder forskellige celletyper, med tværstribede myocytes og neuroner er fremtrædende på poly-L-lysin belægning. Specifikt etiket subcellulært strukturer af fluorescerende markør proteiner etableret vi også en elektroporation protokol, som giver Transfektion af plasmid DNA i forskellige celletyper, herunder neuroner. Således, i overværelse af operatøren definerede stimuli, komplekse celle adfærd og intracellulære dynamikken i primære zebrafisk celler kan vurderes med høj rumlige og tidsmæssige opløsning. Derudover ved hjælp af adult zebrafisk hjerne, vise vi, at den beskrevne dissociation teknik, samt de dyrkningsbaserede rammebetingelser, også arbejde for voksen zebrafisk væv.
Introduction
Zebrafisk (Danio rerio, D. rerio) er en populær model hvirveldyr for talrige områder af grundlæggende og biomedicinsk forskning1. Zebrafisk embryoner udvikler hurtigt ex utero, er gennemsigtige, og pasform under et mikroskop, hvilket giver gode forudsætninger for at studere hvirveldyr udvikling i en levende organisme. På grund af den genetiske sporbarhed af zebrafisk2oprettet mange stabile transgene reporter linjer med celle type-specifikke udtryk for forskellige fluorescerende markører giver mulighed for observation af specifikke cellepopulationer. Zebrafisk samfundet tilbyder en bred vifte af såkaldte Gal4-driver linjer, som bærer en transgen udtrykker den syntetiske Kal4TA4 (eller KalTA3-ækvivalent-GalFF) genet med Gal4-DNA-bindende domæne af gær smeltet til viral transcriptional aktivering domæner under kontrol af celle typespecifikke smagsforstærkere. Disse driver linjerne krydses effektor linjer, som bærer transgener bestående af en defineret opstrøms aktiverende sekvens (UAS) smeltet til en reporter gen. Kal4TA4 protein binder sig til elementet UAS, dermed aktivering celle type-selektiv udtryk for reporter gen3,4. Denne tilgang giver mulighed for meget forskelligartede kombinatorisk undersøgelser af næsten alle tilgængelige enhancer og reporter elementer i dobbelt-transgene dyr.
Men dybdegående live imaging med fokus på individuelle celler eller deres subcellulært indhold er begrænset i et hele og konstant skiftende embryo. For at løse specifikke celle biologiske spørgsmål med højeste opløsning, er brugen af cellekulturer ofte at foretrække. Nogle cellelinjer af zebrafisk eksisterer, men de betragtes som stærkt valgte5,6,7 og deres formering er ofte tidskrævende. Derudover er alle tilgængelige cellelinjer fibroblast afledt, begrænse eksperimenter ved hjælp af cellekultur til én type af celler. Derfor, vi etableret både en effektiv og nem at bruge protokollen for at forberede primærelementer direkte fra zebrafisk embryoner og voksen zebrafisk hjernen, sammen med metoder til at øge levetiden af kulturen og at udvide mangfoldigheden af dyrkede celletyper. Derudover præsenterer vi en procedure for at transfect primære stamceller med udtryk konstruktioner for fluorescerende organelle markører. Således kan cellulære morfologier og subcellulært strukturer analyseres med høj rumlige og tidsmæssige opløsning i forskellige celletyper, som bevarer deres vigtigste funktioner.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Her præsenterer vi to forskellige protokoller til kultur primærelementer fra enten 2 dpf zebrafisk embryoner eller voksen zebrafisk hjernen.
Forberedelse af primære cellekulturer fra 2 dpf zebrafisk er relativt let at udføre for nogen med erfaring i basale celle kultur teknikker. Men for at opnå god og reproducerbare resultater, et tilstrækkeligt antal embryoner som udgangspunkt materiale er afgørende (100 er et minimum). Under en forhøjelse af embryonerne, skal alle mulige kilder til …
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Vi takker T. Fritsch, A. Wolf-Asseburg, I. Linde og S.-M. Tokarski for glimrende dyrs pleje og teknisk support. Vi er taknemmelige for alle medlemmer af Köster lab intens og nyttige diskussioner. Vi parlamentsarbejdet finansieringen af Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (KO 1949/5-1) og delstaten Niedersachsen, Niedersächsisches Vorab (VWZN2889).
Materials
| Fish lines | ||||||
| AB (wild-type) | established by Streisinger and colleagues, available from the Zebrafish International Resource Center (ZIRC) | |||||
| Tg(ptf1a:eGFP)jh1 | stable transgenic line in which the enhancer of the zebrafish gene ptf1a drives expression of the fluorescent protein EGFP (Parsons et al., 2007) | |||||
| Tg(XITubb:DsRed)zf148 | stable transgenic line in which the Xenopus neural-specific beta tubulin promoter drives expression of the fluorescent protein DsRed (Peri and Nüsslein-Volhard, 2008) | |||||
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments | |||
| Equipment | ||||||
| centrifuge | Eppendorf | model 5804 R | ||||
| ChemiDoc MP imaging system | BioRad | model XRS+, used to acquire black-and-white images of Petri dishes containing 1 da embryos | ||||
| confocal laser scanning microscope | Leica microsystems | model SP8, equipped with 28 °C temperature box and a 63 x objective | ||||
| epifluorescent microscope | Leica microsystems | model DM5500B, equipped with 28 °C temperature box and a 40 x objective | ||||
| Gene Pulser Xcell with capacitance extender | BioRad | 1652661 | electroporation device | |||
| Horizontal shaker | GFL | model 3011 | ||||
| incubator for cell culture (28 °C) | Memmert | model incubator I | ||||
| incubator for embryos (28 °C) | Heraeus | type B6120 | ||||
| light microscope | Zeiss | model TELAVAL 31 | ||||
| micro pipettes | Gilson | |||||
| sterile work bench | Bio Base | with laminar flow and UV light | ||||
| tweezers | Dumont | Style 5, Inox | ||||
| vertical tube rotator | Labinco B.V. | model LD-79 | ||||
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments | |||
| Software | ||||||
| Image Lab Software | BioRad | for the ChemiDoc MP imaging system from BioRad | ||||
| ImageJ | National Institutes of Health | used for counting 1 dpf embryos by applying the Count particles-tool to the respective black-and-white images; Rasband, W.S., ImageJ, U. S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/. (1997-2016). | ||||
| LAS X | Leica Microsystems | for both confocal and epifluorescent microscopes from Leica Microsystems | ||||
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments | |||
| Plasmids | ||||||
| pCS-DCX-tdTomato | Köster Lab | # 1599 | based on the backbone pCS2+ (Rupp et al., 1994) | |||
| pCS-eGFP | Köster Lab | # 7 | based on the backbone pCS2+ (Rupp et al., 1994) | |||
| pCS-H2B-mseCFP | Köster Lab | # 2379 | based on the backbone pCS2+ (Rupp et al., 1994) | |||
| pCS-mClover | Köster Lab | # 3865 | based on the backbone pCS2+ (Rupp et al., 1994) | |||
| pCS-MitoTag-YFP | Köster Lab | # 2199 | based on the backbone pCS2+ (Rupp et al., 1994) | |||
| pCS-ss-RFP-KDEL | Köster Lab | # 4330 | based on the backbone pCS2+ (Rupp et al., 1994) | |||
| pCS-VAMP1-mCitrine | Köster Lab | # 2291 | based on the backbone pCS2+ (Rupp et al., 1994) | |||
| pSK-UAS:mCherry | Köster Lab | # 1062 | based on the pBluescript-backbone of Stratagene | |||
| Plasmid numbers refer to the database entries of the Köster lab. Plasmids are available upon request. | ||||||
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments | |||
| Plastic and glass ware | ||||||
| BD Falcon Cell Strainer (40 µm) | FALCON | REF 352340 | distributed by BD Bioscience, used as “landing net” to dip deyolked embryos into ethanol and to transfer them quickly to fresh cell culture medium | |||
| 1.5 mL reaction tubes | Sarstedt | 72690550 | ||||
| 24-well plate | Sarstedt | 83.3922 | ||||
| 50 mL falconic tube | Sarstedt | 62.547.004 | ||||
| 96-well plate | Sarstedt | 83.3924.005 | ||||
| EasyStrainer (40 µm) | Greiner Bio-One | 542 040 | with venting slots; used to filter cells after collagenase-mediated dissociation | |||
| electroporation cuvette (0.4 cm) | Kisker | 4905022 | ||||
| glass coverslips | Heinz Herenz Medizinalbedarf GmbH | 1051201 | ||||
| Microscope slides | Thermo Fisher Scientific (Menzel Gläser) | 631-0845 | ||||
| Neubauer chamber | Henneberg-Sander GmbH | 9020-01 | ||||
| Pasteur pipettes (plastic; 3 mL) | A. Hartenstein | PP05 | ||||
| Petri dishes (plastic; diameter 10 cm) | Sarstedt | 821473 | for zebrafish embryos | |||
| pipette tips | Sarstedt | Blue (1000 µl): 70762; Yellow (200 µl): 70760002; White (10 µL): 701116 | ||||
| sterile cell culture dishes (plastic; diameter 3 cm) | TPP Techno Plastic Products AG | 93040 | ||||
| sterile cell culture dishes (plastic; diameter 6 cm) | Sarstedt | 72690550 | ||||
| sterile Petri dishes (plastic; diameter 10 cm) | Sarstedt | 83.3902 | for brain dissection | |||
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments | |||
| Chemicals and Reagents | ||||||
| sodium chloride | Roth | 0601.1 | ||||
| 4 % paraformaldehyde in 1 x PBS | Sigma-Aldrich | 16005 | ||||
| 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | D1306 | ||||
| calcium nitrate tetrahydrate | Sigma-Aldrich | C1396 | ||||
| ethanol p.a. 100% | Sigma-Aldrich | 46139 | ||||
| goat α-mouse IgG (Fc specific) FITC conjugated | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 31547 | ||||
| HEPES | Roth | 9105.4 | ||||
| high vacuum grease | DOW CORNING | 3826-50 | silicon grease used for self-made glass bottom dishes | |||
| magnesium sulfate heptahydrate | Merck | 105886 | ||||
| methylene blue | Serva | 29198.01 | ||||
| Monoclonal Anti-Tubulin, Acetylated antibody | Sigma-Aldrich | T6793 | ||||
| Aqua-Poly/Mount (mounting medium) | Polyscience | 18606 | ||||
| poly-L-lysine | Biochrom | L 7240 | ||||
| potasssion chloride | Merck | 104938 | ||||
| Skim milk | Roth | 68514-61-4 | ||||
| Texas Red-X Phalloidin | Thermo Fisher Scientific | T7471 | ||||
| Tricaine | Sigma-Aldrich | E10521 | Synonym: Ethyl 3-aminobenzoate methanesulfonate | |||
| Triton X-100 | BioRad | 1610407 | ||||
| Trypan Blue | Gibco by Life Technologies | 15250061 | ||||
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments | |||
| Enzymes | ||||||
| collagenase (Type 2) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 17101015 | dissolve powder in cell culture medium (8 mg/mL) and sterile-filter the solution, store aliquots at -20 °C | |||
| pronase (from Streptomyces griseus) | Roche | 11459643001 | distributed by Sigma-Aldrich, dissolve in 30% Danieau (10 mg/mL) and store aliquots at -20 °C | |||
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments | |||
| Medium and solutions for cell culture | ||||||
| 1 x PBS (Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline) | Gibco by Life Technologies | 14190-169 | distributed by Thermo Fisher Scientific | |||
| CO2-independent medium | Gibco by Life Technologies | 18045054 | distributed by Thermo Fisher Scientific | |||
| filtrated bovine serum (FBS) | PAN-Biotech | individual batch | ||||
| glutamine 100 x | Gibco by Life Technologies | 25030081 | distributed by Thermo Fisher Scientific | |||
| Leibovitz's L-15 medium | Gibco by Life Technologies | 11415049 | distributed by Thermo Fisher Scientific | |||
| PenStrep (10,000 units/mL) | Gibco by Life Technologies | 15140148 | distributed by Thermo Fisher Scientific |
References
- Ablain, J., Zon, L. I. Of fish and men: using zebrafish to fight human diseases. Trends in Cell Biology. 23, 584-586 (2013).
- Sassen, W. A., Köster, R. A molecular toolbox for genetic manipulation of zebrafish. Advances in Genomics and Genetics. , 151 (2015).
- Scheer, N., Campos-Ortega, J. A. Use of the Gal4-UAS technique for targeted gene expression in the zebrafish. Mechanisms of Development. 80, 153-158 (1999).
- Köster, R. W., Fraser, S. E. Tracing transgene expression in living zebrafish embryos. Developmental Biology. 233, 329-346 (2001).
- Driever, W., Rangini, Z. Characterization of a cell line derived from zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) embryos. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology – Animal. 29A, 749-754 (1993).
- Badakov, R., Jaźwińska, A. Efficient transfection of primary zebrafish fibroblasts by nucleofection. Cytotechnology. 51, 105-110 (2006).
- Senghaas, N., Köster, R. W. Culturing and transfecting zebrafish PAC2 fibroblast cells. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. , (2009).
- Westerfield, M. . The zebrafish book. A guide for the laboratory use of zebrafish (Danio rerio). , (2007).
- Basic methods in cellular and molecular biology. Using a hemacytometer to count cells. Journal of Visualized Experiments Available from: https://www.jove.com/science-education/5048/using-a-hemacytometer-to-count-cells (2017)
- Rupp, R. A., Snider, L., Weintraub, H. Xenopus embryos regulate the nuclear localization of XMyoD. Genes & Development. 8, 1311-1323 (1994).
- Piperno, G., Fuller, M. T. Monoclonal antibodies specific for an acetylated form of alpha-tubulin recognize the antigen in cilia and flagella from a variety of organisms. Journal of Cell Biology. 101 (6), 2085-2094 (1985).
- Barden, J. A., Miki, M., Hambly, B. D., Dos Remedios, C. G. Localization of the phalloidin and nucleotide-binding sites on actin. European Journal of Biochemistry. 162 (3), 583-588 (1987).
- Kapuscinski, J. DAPI: a DNA-specific fluorescent probe. Biotechnic & Histochemistry. 70 (5), 220-233 (1995).
- Gupta, T., Mullins, M. C. Dissection of organs from the adult zebrafish. Journal of Visualized Experiments. 37, E1717 (2010).
- Chalfie, M., Tu, Y., Euskirchen, G., Ward, W. W., Prasher, D. C. Green fluorescent protein as a marker for gene expression. Science. 263, 802-805 (1994).
- Stornaiuolo, M. KDEL and KKXX retrieval signals appended to the same reporter protein determine different trafficking between endoplasmic reticulum, intermediate compartment, and Golgi complex. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 14, 889-902 (2003).
- Lithgow, T. Targeting of proteins to mitochondria. FEBS Letters. 476, 22-26 (2000).
- Nagai, T., Ibata, K., Park, E. S., Kubota, M., Mikoshiba, K., Miyawaki, A. A variant of yellow fluorescent protein with fast and efficient maturation for cell-biological applications. Nature Biotechnology. 20, 87-90 (2002).
- Sassen, W. A., Lehne, F., Russo, G., Wargenau, S., Dübel, S., Köster, R. W. Embryonic zebrafish primary cell culture for transfection and live cellular and subcellular imaging. Developmental Biology. 430, 18-31 (2017).
- Horesh, D., et al. Doublecortin, a stabilizer of microtubules. Human Molecular Genetics. 8, 1599-1610 (1999).
- Shaner, N. C., Campbell, R. E., Steinbach, P. A., Giepmans, B. N. G., Palmer, A. E., Tsien, R. Y. Improved monomeric red, orange and yellow fluorescent proteins derived from Discosoma sp. red fluorescent protein. Nature Biotechnology. 22, 1567-1572 (2004).
- Distel, M., Hocking, J. C., Volkmann, K., Köster, R. W. The centrosome neither persistently leads migration nor determines the site of axonogenesis in migrating neurons in vivo. Journal of Cell Biology. 191, 875-890 (2010).
- Matsuda, T., Miyawaki, A., Nagai, T. Direct measurement of protein dynamics inside cells using a rationally designed photoconvertible protein. Nature Methods. 5, 339-345 (2008).
- Archer, B. T., Ozçelik, T., Jahn, R., Francke, U., Südhof, T. C. Structures and chromosomal localizations of two human genes encoding synaptobrevins 1 and 2. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 265, 17267-17273 (1990).
- Griesbeck, O., Baird, G. S., Campbell, R. E., Zacharias, D. A., Tsien, R. Y. Reducing the environmental sensitivity of yellow fluorescent protein. Mechanism and applications. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276, 29188-29194 (2001).
- Shaner, N. C., et al. A bright monomeric green fluorescent protein derived from Branchiostoma lanceolatum. Nature Methods. 10, 407-409 (2013).
- Campbell, R. E., et al. A monomeric red fluorescent protein. Procedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99, 7877-7882 (2002).
- Peri, F., Nüsslein-Volhard, C. Live imaging of neuronal degradation by microglia reveals a role for v0-ATPase a1 in phagosomal fusion in vivo. Cell. 133, 916-927 (2008).
- Godinho, L., et al. Targeting of amacrine cell neurites to appropriate synaptic laminae in the developing zebrafish retina. Development. 132, 5069-5079 (2005).
- Jusuf, P. R., Harris, W. A. Ptf1a is expressed transiently in all types of amacrine cells in the embryonic zebrafish retina. Neural Development. 4, 34 (2009).
- Kani, S., et al. Proneural gene-linked neurogenesis in zebrafish cerebellum. Developmental Biology. 343, 1-17 (2010).
- Distel, M., Wullimann, M. F., Köster, R. W. Optimized Gal4 genetics for permanent gene expression mapping in zebrafish. Procedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106, 13365-13370 (2009).
- Choorapoikayil, S., Overvoorde, J., den Hertog, J. Deriving cell lines from zebrafish embryos and tumors. Zebrafish. 10, 316-332 (2013).
