Experimental Methods to Study Human Postural Control

Summary

This article presents an experimental/analytic framework to study human postural control. The protocol provides step-by-step procedures for performing standing experiments, measuring body kinematics and kinetics signals, and analyzing the results to provide insight into the mechanisms underlying human postural control.

Abstract

Many components of the nervous and musculoskeletal systems act in concert to achieve the stable, upright human posture. Controlled experiments accompanied by appropriate mathematical methods are needed to understand the role of the different sub-systems involved in human postural control. This article describes a protocol for performing perturbed standing experiments, acquiring experimental data, and carrying out the subsequent mathematical analysis, with the aim of understanding the role of musculoskeletal system and central control in human upright posture. The results generated by these methods are important, because they provide insight into the healthy balance control, form the basis for understanding the etiology of impaired balance in patients and the elderly, and aid in the design of interventions to improve postural control and stability. These methods can be used to study the role of somatosensory system, intrinsic stiffness of ankle joint, and visual system in postural control, and may also be extended to investigate the role of vestibular system. The methods are to be used in the case of an ankle strategy, where the body moves primarily about the ankle joint and is considered a single-link inverted pendulum.

Introduction

Human postural control is realized through complex interactions between the central nervous and musculoskeletal systems¹. The human body in standing is inherently unstable, subject to a variety of internal (e.g., respiration, heartbeat) and external (e.g., gravity) perturbations. Stability is achieved by a distributed controller with central, reflex, and intrinsic components (Figure 1).

Postural control is achieved by: an active controller, mediated by the central nervous system (CNS) and spinal cord, which changes muscle activation; and an intrinsic stiffness controller that resists joi....

Protocol

All experimental methods have been approved by the McGill University Research Ethics Board and subjects sign informed consents before participating.

1. Experiments

NOTE: Each experiment involves the following steps.

1. Pre-test
   1. Prepare a definite outline of all trials to be performed and make a checklist for data collection.
   2. Provide the subject with a consent form with all the necessary information, ask them to read it thoroughly, answer any questions, and then have them sign the form.
   3. Record the subject’s weight, height, and age.
2. Subject preparat....

Results

Pseudo random ternary sequence (PRTS) and TrapZ signals

Figure 2A shows a PRTS signal, which is generated by integrating a pseudo random velocity profile. For each sample time

Discussion

Several steps are critical in performing these experiments to study human postural control. These steps are associated with the correct measurement of the signals and include: 1) Correct alignment of the shank ankle axis of rotation to that of the pedals, for the correct measurement of ankle torques. 2) Correct set-up of the range finders to ensure they work in their range and are not saturated during the experiments. 3) Measurement of EMG with good quality and minimal cross talk. 4) Application of appropriate perturbati.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
5K potentiometer	Maurey	112P19502	Measures actuator shaft angle
8 channel Bagnoli surface EMG amplifiers and electrodes	Delsys		Measures the EMG of ankle muscles
AlienWare Laptop	Dell Inc.	P69F001-Rev. A02	VR-ready PC laptop
Data acquisition card	National instruments	4472	Samples the analogue signals from the sensors
Directional valve	REXROTH	4WMR10C3X	Bypasses the flow if the angle of actuator shaft goes beyond ±20°
Full body harness	Jelco	740	Protect the subjects from falling
Laser range finder	Micro-epsilon 1302-100	1507307	Measures shank linear displacement
Laser range finder	Micro-epsilon 1302-200	1509074	Measures body linear displacement
Load cell	Omega	LC302-100	Measures vertical reaction forces
Proportional servo-valve	MOOG	D681-4718	Controls the hydraulic flow to the rotary actuators
Rotary actuator	Rotac	26R21VDEISFTFLGMTG	Applies mechanical perturbations
Torque transducer	Lebow	2110-5k	Measures ankle torque
Virtual Environment Motion Trackers	HTC inc.	1551984681	Tracks the head motion
Virtual Reality Headset	HTC inc.	1551984681	Provides visual perturbations