Chapter 3

Acid–Base Titration

An acid-base titration is a technique used to determine the concentration of an unknown acid or base, using a titrant of known…

During the titration of a strong acid with a strong base, pH calculations are primarily based on the concentration of residual hydronium or hydroxide…

In titrating a weak acid with a strong base, different calculation methods are applied at various stages. Initially, the pH of a weak acid like…

The titration curve of a weak base like ammonia with a strong acid like hydrochloric acid is the mirror image of the titration curve of a weak acid…

Weak acids and bases do not undergo dissociation completely, and titrations between these two are rarely studied. When such studies are performed,…

The titration of a weak acid with a strong base results in the formation of water and the conjugate base of the acid. For instance, titrating acetic…

The pH of a solution containing an acid can be determined using its acid dissociation constant and initial concentration. If a solution contains two…

Most acid-base titrations are performed in an aqueous medium. In aqueous titrations, water competes with weaker acids or bases for proton donation or…

The titration of a polyprotic base such as sodium carbonate with a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid results in two equivalence points on the…

Titration of a polyprotic acid, which contains multiple ionizable protons, involves distinct dissociation steps, each with its own dissociation…

Polyprotic acids of the type H2M constitute two ionizable protons. As a result, on titration with a base, they exhibit two equivalence points in the…

Buffers play a crucial role in stabilizing the pH of a solution by mitigating the effects of small amounts of added acid or base. They consist of a…

Buffer capacity is the quantitative measure of a buffer to resist the change in pH. As shown in the following equation, the buffer capacity, denoted…

In acid-base chemistry, the leveling effect refers to the limitation imposed by the solvent on the strength of acids and bases in solution. When a…

Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is a useful tool for understanding the complete thermodynamic picture of a binding reaction. In biological…

Lewis acid-activation of carbonyl-containing substrates is a fundamental basis for facilitating transformations in organic chemistry. Historically,…

The development of fluorescent indicators represented a revolution for life sciences. Genetically encoded and synthetic fluorophores with sensing…