Chapter 36
Plant Responses to the Environment

Plant hormones—or phytohormones—are chemical molecules that modulate one or more physiological processes of a plant. In animals, hormones…

Light plays a significant role in regulating the growth and development of plants. In addition to providing energy for photosynthesis, light provides…

Gravitropism: Plant Responses to Gravity
Higher plants sense gravity using statocytes, cells found near the vascular tissue in shoots, and in the…

Water plays a significant role in the life cycle of plants. However, insufficient or excess of water can be detrimental and pose a serious threat to…

Chloroplasts are organelles with many vital roles in plants, which include not only photosynthesis but numerous other metabolic and signaling…

In the absence of specialized mobile immune cells, plants utilize their localized programmed cell death and Systemic Acquired Resistance to defend…