Plant hormones—or phytohormones—are chemical molecules that modulate one or more physiological processes of a plant. In animals, hormones…

Light plays a significant role in regulating the growth and development of plants. In addition to providing energy for photosynthesis, light provides…

The circadian—or biological—clock is an intrinsic, timekeeping, molecular mechanism that allows plants to coordinate physiological…

Gravitropism: Plant Responses to Gravity Higher plants sense gravity using statocytes, cells found near the vascular tissue in shoots, and in the…

Water plays a significant role in the life cycle of plants. However, insufficient or excess of water can be detrimental and pose a serious threat to…

Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there…

Salt stress—which can be triggered by high salt concentrations in a plant’s environment—can significantly affect plant growth and…

Plants present a rich source of nutrients for many organisms, making it a target for herbivores and infectious agents. Plants, though lacking a…

Chloroplasts are organelles with many vital roles in plants, which include not only photosynthesis but numerous other metabolic and signaling…

In the absence of specialized mobile immune cells, plants utilize their localized programmed cell death and Systemic Acquired Resistance to defend…

Plant biologists often need to observe the growth behavior of their chosen species. To this end, the plants need constant environmental and stable…