Recording Behavioral Responses to Reflection in Crayfish

Summary

We have developed two methods for studying effects of visual cues on behavior in the absence of tactile and chemical cues. One method involves videotaping responses of crayfish to reflective walls in an aquarium; the other examines effects of visual inputs provided by a live crayfish behind a transparent partition.

Abstract

Social behavior depends on sensory input from the visual, mechanical and olfactory systems. One important issue concerns the relative roles of each sensory modality in guiding behavior. The role of visual inputs has been examined by isolating visual stimuli from mechanical and chemosensory stimuli. In some studies (Bruski & Dunham, 1987: Delgado-Morales et al., 2004) visual inputs have been removed with blindfolds or low light intensity, and effects of remaining sensory modalities have been elucidated. An alternative approach is to study the effects of visual inputs in the absence of any appropriate mechanical and chemosensory cues. This approach aims to identify the exclusive role of visual inputs.

We have used two methods to provide visual stimuli to crayfish without providing chemical and mechanical cues. In one method, crayfish are videotaped in an aquarium where half of the walls are covered in mirrors to provide a reflective environment, and the other half are covered in a non-reflective (matte finish) plastic. This gives the crayfish a choice between reflective and non-reflective environments. The reflective environment provides visual cues in the form of reflected images of the crayfish as it moves throughout half of the tank; these visual cues are missing from the non-reflective half of the tank. An alternative method is to videotape the behavior of crayfish in an aquarium separated by a smaller chamber at each end, with a crayfish in one small chamber providing visual cues and an inert object in the opposite small chamber providing visual input from a non-moving, non-crayfish source.

Our published results indicate that responses of crayfish to the reflective environment depend on socialization and dominance rank. Socialized crayfish spent more time in the reflective environment and exhibited certain behaviors more frequently there than in the non-reflective environment; isolated crayfish showed no such differences. Crayfish that were housed in same-sex pairs developed a social rank of either dominant or subordinate. Responses to reflection differed between dominant and subordinate crayfish (May & Mercier, 2006; May & Mercier, 2007). Dominant crayfish spent more time on the reflective side, entered reflective corners more frequently and spent more time in reflective corners compared to the non-reflective side. Subordinate crayfish walked in reverse more often on the reflective side than on the non-reflective side. Preliminary data suggest similar effects from visual cues provided by a crayfish in a small adjoining chamber (May et al., 2008).

Protocol

1. Socialization

1. To extinguish existing social ranks, each crayfish is housed for 7 - 14 days in a separate plastic container (30 cm long x 17.5 cm wide x 13 cm deep), filled with filtered, aerated water and a small plastic flower pot which serves as a shelter. If transparent containers are used, a divider (e.g. paper towel) is placed in between containers to ensure crayfish are visually isolated.
2. Crayfish in the "Isolated" group remain in isolation for an additional 3 - 14 days. Water is changed and crayfish are fed 3 times weekly.
3. To establish a social rank, crayfish are placed in same-sex pairs following the initial isolation. ....

Discussion

The observation that dominant crayfish spend more time in a reflective environment suggests that they recognize a reflected image as a conspecific, and that visual cues are sufficient to elicit approach behavior. Similar results using a live crayfish instead of a reflected image support such an interpretation. Subordinate and isolated crayfish do not show such a preference for the reflective environment, nor do subordinate crayfish appear to prefer a live crayfish over a cube. Thus, responses to visual cues depend on .......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Single chamber test tank	Brock University Machine Shop
End-chamber test tank	Brock University Machine Shop
Isolation container	Rubbermaid		30 cm x 17.5 cm x 13 cm holes in lid to allow air and light to pass through when lid is on
Fighting chamber			48 cm x 25 cm x 13 cm
Social housing chamber			58 cm x 30 cm x 35 cm
small plastic flower pot			to serve as shelter
Coolpix 4500 camera	Nikon Instruments
T120 video cassette recorder	RCA
Computer			Windows Movie Maker or other video acquiring software
webcam	Logitech
modelling clay	Sculptee		to make control cube
red latex paint	FolkArt		to make control cube
waterbase varnish	FolkArt		to make control cube