Single-cell RNA-Seq of Defined Subsets of Retinal Ganglion Cells

Summary

Here, we present a combinatorial approach for classifying neuronal cell types prior to isolation and for the subsequent characterization of single-cell transcriptomes. This protocol optimizes the preparation of samples for successful RNA Sequencing (RNA-Seq) and describes a methodology designed specifically for the enhanced understanding of cellular diversity.

Abstract

The discovery of cell type-specific markers can provide insight into cellular function and the origins of cellular heterogeneity. With a recent push for the improved understanding of neuronal diversity, it is important to identify genes whose expression defines various subpopulations of cells. The retina serves as an excellent model for the study of central nervous system diversity, as it is composed of multiple major cell types. The study of each major class of cells has yielded genetic markers that facilitate the identification of these populations. However, multiple subtypes of cells exist within each of these major retinal cell classes, and few of these subtypes have known genetic markers, although many have been characterized by morphology or function. A knowledge of genetic markers for individual retinal subtypes would allow for the study and mapping of brain targets related to specific visual functions and may also lend insight into the gene networks that maintain cellular diversity. Current avenues used to identify the genetic markers of subtypes possess drawbacks, such as the classification of cell types following sequencing. This presents a challenge for data analysis and requires rigorous validation methods to ensure that clusters contain cells of the same function. We propose a technique for identifying the morphology and functionality of a cell prior to isolation and sequencing, which will allow for the easier identification of subtype-specific markers. This technique may be extended to non-neuronal cell types, as well as to rare populations of cells with minor variations. This protocol yields excellent-quality data, as many of the libraries have provided read depths greater than 20 million reads for single cells. This methodology overcomes many of the hurdles presented by Single-cell RNA-Seq and may be suitable for researchers aiming to profile cell types in a straightforward and highly efficient manner.

Introduction

Neuronal diversity is observed throughout the central nervous system, particularly in the vertebrate retina, a highly specialized tissue consisting of 1 glial and 6 neuronal cell types that arise from one population of retinal progenitor cells^1,2,3. Many subtypes of cells can be classified functionally, morphologically, and genetically. The goal of this protocol is to tie the genetic variability of cell types to their identifiable functional and/or morphological characteristics. A number of genes have been identified for the classification of cells, but many subtypes continue to go uncharacterized, as they represent a small fraction of the overall population. The identification of genes within these specific subtypes will allow for a greater understanding of neuronal diversity within the retina and may also shed light on the diversification of neural cells elsewhere. Furthermore, single-cell studies allow for the uncovering of new cell types, which may have been overlooked due to their low representation among the overall population^4,5,6,7.

One of the benefits of single-cell transcriptomics is that unique markers or combinations of markers that define a particular cellular subtype can be discovered. These can then be used to gain genetic access to that cell type for different manipulations. For example, we are using this protocol to characterize the cell type-specific genes of a subset of retinal ganglion cells that express the photopigment melanopsin. The use of a fluorescent marker in melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells enables the study of these cells, as they are clustered together due to their expression of a known gene. Interestingly, there are five known subtypes of this cell population in the mouse retina⁸. Thus, in order to isolate RNA from cells of each type, we have used established morphological classifications within the transgenic model to identify each subtype prior to cell isolation. This technique allows for the characterization of cells as well as for their isolation directly from the retina, without the need for tissue dissociation, which may cause a stress response within cells and contamination due to severed dendrites⁹.

A multitude of new techniques have come to light in the past few years as the RNA-Seq method continues to develop. These tools allow for maximized cell acquisition and greater cost efficiency while approaching the question at hand^{4,7,10,11,12,13}. However, while these techniques have been excellent stepping stones, there are a number of hurdles still encountered that this protocol is able to address. First, many of the current procedures isolate cells from dissociated tissue and attempt to use either principal component analysis or hierarchical clustering post-hoc to determine cell classification. Relying on these tools to classify subtypes may not produce reliable results and may force one to find new ways to validate this data for the correlation of a genetic marker to a functional cell type. The requirement for dissociation in other protocols can sometimes result in tissue damage and can cause neuronal processes to be severed, resulting in a potential loss of mRNA. Furthermore, in dissociated cell preparations, the stress responses may begin to affect the transcriptomes of these cells¹⁴. This protocol overcomes these challenges by determining the functional cell type prior to isolation, and it better maintains the health of the cells by keeping the retinal tissue intact.

One technique was introduced in 2014 and consisted of the in vivo analysis of the transcriptome of live cells¹⁵. While this technique allows for the examination of the transcriptome with minimal mechanical disruption to the tissue, it lacks the ability to classify specific cell types within the tissue before examining their transcriptomes without using a very specific reporter mouse. Our protocol does not require a specific reporter, as we utilize cell filling and electrophysiology to characterize cells before their isolation. Another limitation of this previous protocol is that it requires a specific wavelength to excite the photoactivatable element, whereas our protocol allows for the use of a fluorescent reporter and fluorescent dye, which are readily available or can be chosen by each lab individually. Still, other laboratories have married the two methods of electrophysiology and transcriptomics for the study of cellular diversity. The use of patch-clamp recordings to characterize the function of a cell prior to its isolation has been performed on dissociated neurons¹⁶ and, in some cases, it has preceded the use of microarray analysis¹⁷ for these studies. The same complications are encountered by those approaches, as they require tissue dissociation or the use of microarray technology, which relies on the hybridization of samples to available probes. One of the most recent advances has been the development of Patch-Seq, a technique that combines the use of patch-clamp recordings and RNA-Seq technology to understand cells from whole-brain slices¹⁸. While this technique has its similarities to the protocol presented here, it is again important to note that our approach allows the tissue to remain intact for the health of the cells. Here, we present a protocol for the optimization of this alliance, which generates high-quality, single-cell libraries for the use of RNA-Seq to obtain a high read depth and mapping coverage.

Protocol

All procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at Northwestern University.

1. Preparation of Solutions for Electrophysiology (4 h)

1. Make 0.1% DEPC-treated H₂O by adding 1 mL of diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC) to 999 mL of reverse osmosis-purified H₂O. Mix thoroughly and let the mixture incubate for 1 h at room temperature (RT). Then, autoclave the DEPC-mixed H₂O for 15 min on a liquid cycle. Let the DEPC-treated H₂O cool at RT.
2. Make the extracellular solution by mixing one bottle of Ames' medium and 1.9 g (23 mM) of sodium bicarbonate into 1 L of H₂O. Bubble the extracellular solution with
   95% O₂/5% CO₂ and maintain it at a pH of 7.3-7.4.
3. Generate the intracellular solution by combining 125 mM K-gluconate, 2 mM MgCl₂,10 mM EGTA, 10 mM HEPES, and 0.1% DEPC-treated H₂O. Store it in 1 mL aliquots at -20 °C. Add 10 µM of fluorescent tracer at the beginning of each experiment.
4. Make enzyme solution by adding 10,000 units of collagenase and 83 mg of hyaluronidase to 4.15 mL of extracellular solution. The enzyme solution should be stored in 50 µL aliquots at -20 °C.

2. Preparation of Retinal Tissue (2 h)

NOTE: All procedures in this section should be performed under dim red illumination

1. Dark-adapt animals for at least 1 h prior to dissection. Perform all procedures under dim red illumination.
2. Euthanize the animals by CO₂ asphyxiation and enucleate the eyeballs into a Petri dish with previously oxygenated extracellular solution.
3. Poke the cornea with a needle and cut it away by cutting with ophthalmic scissors at the border of the cornea and sclera¹⁹.
4. Remove the lens using #5 forceps. Gently make a tear in the sclera with the forceps and sever the optic nerve where the retina and sclera meet. Carefully finish removing the sclera from the retina.
5. Remove the transparent vitreous using #5 forceps; once removed, the vitreous appears as a gelatinous substance stuck to the forceps. Slice the retinas in half (so that there are 4 pieces/animal) and store them in oxygenated extracellular solution at RT until use.
6. When ready to mount the tissue in the recording chamber, place a piece of retina to incubate in enzyme solution diluted in 500 µL of oxygenated extracellular solution. Incubate in a Petri dish for 2 min at RT on a shaker.
   1. Wash the piece of retina in oxygenated extracellular solution and place the tissue in a glass-bottom recording chamber; use a plastic transfer pipette with the tip cut off to allow for the retina to be transferred without causing damage to the tissue.
7. Use forceps to carefully flatten the tissue with the photoreceptor layer facing down. Remove excess fluid using a pipette. Anchor the tissue using a platinum ring with nylon mesh.
   NOTE: This method could also be used to prepare the tissue for the isolation of RNA from labeled amacrine and bipolar cells.
8. Fill the chamber with oxygenated extracellular solution and mount it onto a microscope stage. Perfuse tissue with oxygenated extracellular solution at 2-4 mL/min.

3. Visualization and Targeting of GFP+ Retinal Ganglion Cells (10 min)

NOTE: All procedures in this section should be performed under dim red illumination

1. Before beginning, pull glass micropipettes (OD: 1.2 mm, ID: 0.69 mm) for electrophysiological recordings using a micropipette puller. Use the following protocol for the electrodes (please note that the parameters should be adjusted accordingly to achieve the desired resistance and will vary across pullers and with different glass): Heat: Ramp +10; Pull: 0; Vel: 23; Delay: 1; Pressure: 500; Program loop: 5 times. Ensure that the tips are ~1 µm in diameter, with resistances of 2-4 MΩ for targeting large cells and of 5-7 MΩ for targeting smaller cells.
2. Observe the ganglion cell layer using Infrared Differential Interference Contrast (IR-DIC) optics (Figure 1A). Identify GFP+ Retinal Ganglion Cells (RGCs) using epifluorescence (~480 nm) (Figure 1B).
3. Locate the pipette filled with intracellular solution in DIC. Apply slight positive pressure and zero any voltage offsets on the amplifier.
4. Press the glass micropipette against a GFP+ cell and apply negative pressure to form a GΩ seal between the pipette and the cell membrane. Apply test voltage command steps (e.g., 5 mV) to monitor the seal resistance. After forming a stable seal, rupture the membrane by applying brief pulses of negative pressure to gain whole-cell access.
5. Wait 1-2 min for the dendrites of the cell to fill with fluorescent tracer.
   NOTE: The cell can be morphologically typed by examining the morphology in epifluorescence (Figure 1C). In the case of melanopsin-expressing RGCs, dendritic stratification in the inner plexiform layer is visualized by examining the dendrites filled with fluorescent tracer under epifluorescent illumination and determining whether they stratify far from the soma in the OFF sublamina (M1 ipRGCs), near the ganglion cell layer in the ON sublamina (M2 & M4 ipRGCs), or both (M3 ipRGCs). This observation, combined with soma size (M4s have distinctly large somas compared to all other ipRGC subtypes), allow for the identification of cell type^20,21,22. Thus, this technique allows for the identification of cell type in vitro prior to RNA isolation. This method could be modified for other cell type identification protocols involving either dendritic morphology or cellular physiology.

4. Cell Isolation (2 min)

1. Before beginning, set the tabletop microcentrifuge to 2,000 x g. Prepare a sample-expelling apparatus by connecting tubing (OD: 3/32 in, ID: 1/32 in) with a 1 cc syringe.
2. Place 0.2 mL PCR tubes containing 10 µL of lysis buffer and 1% β-mercaptoethanol on ice. Prepare a 1 cc syringe containing DEPC-treated H₂O to rinse the pipette tips. Prepare a container of dry ice to freeze the lysis buffer after sample collection.
3. Carefully extract the cytoplasmic content of the cell pipette by applying negative pressure using a 10 mL syringe; all cytoplasmic content, including organelles, should be extracted if possible.
   1. Monitor the extraction in DIC by visualizing the cell body decreasing in size. After extracting the cytoplasmic contents, lift the pipette carefully off of the tissue and quickly remove the pipette from the solution.
4. Quickly remove the pipette from the head-stage holder and rinse the pipette tip briefly with DEPC-treated H₂O using a 1 mL syringe. Connect the pipette to a 1 mL syringe via tight-fitting tubing to expel the sample.
5. Immediately expel the cells into 10 µL of lysis buffer 1 containing 1% β-mercaptoethanol in 0.2 mL PCR tubes.
   NOTE: The entire aspirate with the cells should be expelled gently so as to not introduce bubbles.
   1. Briefly centrifuge the tube in a tabletop mini centrifuge at 2,000 x g for 10 s. Immediately flash-freeze the samples for 5 min on dry ice. After freezing, store them at -80 °C for up to two weeks for best results; the samples may last longer, but it is recommended that they are processed as quickly as possible.

5. RNA Purification (30 min)

1. Before beginning, set up a magnetic separator device by taping the top part of an inverted P20 or P200 tip holder to the 96-well magnetic stand²³.
2. Prepare fresh 70% ethanol (EtOH) – approximately 1 mL per sample will suffice. Remove the RNA magnetic beads from 4 °C storage and thaw them at RT for at least 30 min.
   NOTE: No more than 8 samples should be processed at one time, as many steps in this protocol rely on efficiency and quick handling.
3. Once the magnetic beads are at RT, vortex for 30 s to ensure that the solution is well mixed.
   NOTE: The beads use an RNA-specific buffer to selectively bind RNA, and they allow for the removal of other cellular waste when employed with a magnetic plate stand.
4. Thaw cells at RT for 1 min, and then add 5 µL of RNase-free H₂O to each sample; pipette up and down. Add 22 µL of RNA beads to each tube and pipette thoroughly to mix. Incubate the samples at RT for 5 min to allow the RNA to interact and bind with the magnetic beads.
5. Place the tubes on a magnetic separator device and let sit for 8 min; before proceeding, ensure that the supernatant is clear. Observe the beads from one pellet and be sure to not detach it during pipetting.
6. Remove the supernatant from the samples and add 150 µL of 70% EtOH. Remove the EtOH and repeat the wash twice more.
7. Allow the samples to air dry for 6 min. Check intermittently to see if more EtOH has collected at the bottom of the tube. Remove it accordingly.
8. While the samples are drying, prepare 10X reaction buffer by combining 19 µL of lysis buffer 2 and 1 µL of RNase Inhibitor (40 U/µL). Briefly spin it down and keep it on ice.
9. Once the samples are dry and the bead pellets no longer appear glossy, remove the tubes from the magnetic separator and add 9.5 µL of RNase-free H₂O to rehydrate the samples. Place the samples on ice and add 1 µL of 10x reaction buffer to each sample.

6. Reverse Transcription (10 min)

NOTE: Before beginning, thaw the necessary reagents for reverse transcription (RT; except for the enzyme) on ice. These include: primer II, buffer 1, oligonucleotide, and RNase inhibitor.

1. To each tube, add 2 µL of primer II (AAGCAGTGGTATCAACGCAGAGTACT₍₃₀₎N_-1N, for which N_-1 can be A, C, or G and N can be A, C, G, or T; 12 µM). Place the tubes in a thermocycler that has been preheated at 72 °C for 3 min.
2. During incubation, prepare the RT master mix. For each reaction, add 4 µL of buffer 1 (250 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.3; 375 mM KCl; and 30 mM MgCl₂), 1 µL of oligonucleotide (48 µM), and 0.5 µL of RNase inhibitor (40 U/µL).
3. Immediately following the incubation, place the tubes on ice for 2 min.
4. Add 2 µL per reaction of the reverse transcriptase (100 U/µL) to the master mix and pipette thoroughly. Add 7.5 µL of master mix to each tube and mix by gently pipetting. Briefly spin the tubes to collect the contents at the bottom and place them into a preheated thermocycler with the following program: 42 °C for 90 min, 70 °C for 10 min, and a hold at 4 °C.
5. Store the tubes at -20 °C O/N before proceeding, although it is recommended that the samples be carried through the amplification step before being stored for long periods of time; other sources suggest O/N storage at 4 °C would also be acceptable at this step²⁴.

7. cDNA Amplification (2.5 h)

NOTE: Before beginning, thaw PCR buffer and PCR primer on ice and spin the tubes down in a tabletop mini centrifuge before making the PCR master mix.

1. For each reaction, prepare a PCR master mix containing 25 µL of PCR buffer, 1 µL of PCR primer (12 µM), 1 µL of DNA polymerase, and 3 µL of nuclease-free H₂O. Add the DNA polymerase last, just prior to the addition of master mix to the samples.
2. Add 30 µL of master mix to each tube and spin at 2,000 x g for 10 s to collect the contents at the bottom of the tubes.
3. Place the tubes in a preheated thermocycler with the following program: 95 °C for 1 min; 34 cycles of 98 °C for 10 s, 65 °C for 30 s, and 68 °C for 3 min; 72 °C for 10 min; and a hold at 4 °C.
   NOTE: The number of cycles for this PCR has been increased to 34, differing from the suggested manufacturer's instructions. After repeat testing, this cycle number was found to produce consistently reliable results.
4. Store the tubes at -20 °C for up to one year before proceeding.

8. Purification of Amplified cDNA (30 min)

1. Before beginning purification, bring the DNA beads and elution buffer to RT for at least 30 min. Prepare fresh 80% EtOH; 1 mL per sample should suffice. Add 1 µL of 10X lysis buffer to each sample.
2. Vortex the DNA beads for 30 s and add 50 µL of DNA beads to each sample. Mix thoroughly by pipetting, and then briefly spin them down at 2,000 x g for 10 s. Incubate the tubes at RT for 8 min.
3. Place the tubes on the magnetic separation device for 5 min. Gently pipette the supernatant up and down twice and allow the samples to sit for 2 min. While the samples are on the magnetic device, remove the supernatant and discard.
4. Add 150 µL of freshly made 80% EtOH to each sample and allow them to sit at RT for 30 s. Remove the EtOH and repeat the EtOH wash once.
5. Briefly spin the samples and place them back on the magnetic separator for 1 min. Remove any remaining EtOH and allow the samples to air dry for 5 min.
6. Check the samples intermittently to see if any EtOH has collected and remove it with a pipette.
7. Once the bead pellet no longer appears glossy, but before cracks begin to appear, remove the tube from the magnetic separator and add 17 µL of elution buffer. Gently pipette up and down to resuspend the beads completely.
8. Incubate the resuspended samples at RT for 2 min.
9. Briefly spin the samples to collect all liquid at the bottom and place them on the magnetic separator for 2 min. Transfer 15 µL of clear supernatant to a 1.5 mL RNase-free tube and store it at -20 °C.
10. Examine quality and size of the cDNA library with a high-sensitivity bioanalyzer chip using 1 µL of cDNA. The ideal size of a cDNA library is 0.3-2 Kb, with a concentration of at least 10 ng/µL (Figure 2).
    NOTE: You may choose to employ PCR as a way to screen samples to ensure the expression of known markers before proceeding with sample preparation.

9. Determine Concentrations and Tagment cDNA (20 min)

1. Before beginning, bring the assay reagent, dilution buffer, and standards to RT for 30 min. Prepare a master mix containing 1 µL of assay reagent and 199 µL of dilution buffer per reaction. Aliquot 199 µL of this mixture into 500 µL assay tubes. Add 1 µL of sample and mix thoroughly.
2. Aliquot 190 µL of master mix to tube 1 & 2. Add 10 µL of standard 1 to tube 1 and 10 µL of standard 2 to tube 2. Vortex all sample tubes and standard tubes for 5 s; incubate at RT for 3 min.
3. Determine concentration of samples with a high-sensitivity fluorometer. Ensure the correct sample amount has been input by selecting the "calculate stock solution" option and highlighting "1 µL". Dilute each sample in a separate 1.5 mL tube to a final concentration of 0.2 ng/µL in RNase-free H₂O.
   NOTE: Whereas the manufacturer's instructions suggest that one should begin with 1 ng/µL total of DNA, we have used a smaller starting amount and have also adjusted the protocol to account for this amendment.
4. In new 0.2 mL PCR tubes, pipette 2.5 µL of buffer 2. Add 1.25 µL of cDNA to the appropriate tube for a total of 250 pg. Finally, add 1.25 µL of tagmentation mix to each tube and pipette thoroughly to mix; the transposase within the tagmentation mix will fragment the DNA into short strands and anneal the adapters to either end of each strand, for later use by the sequencing instrument.
   NOTE: The volumes used for tagmentation and index coupling are a fraction of the amount suggested by the manufacturer's instructions. This not only allows for the conservation of reagents, but it also has consistently produced tagmented samples in our experience.
5. Centrifuge the tubes on a countertop microcentrifuge for 1 min.
6. Place the tubes in a preheated thermocycler with the following program: 55 °C for 10 min and a hold at 10 °C.
   NOTE: The length of this incubation is 10 min, as opposed to the proposed 5 min from the manufacturer's instructions.
7. Immediately after this program is complete, remove the tubes and add 1.25 µL of tagmentation neutralizing buffer to each. Pipette well to mix and incubate at RT for 5 min. Complete this step promptly, as the transposase remains active until the buffer neutralizes the enzyme and stops the reaction.

10. Index Coupling and Purification (1 h)

NOTE: Before beginning, bring the DNA beads and resuspension buffer to RT for at least 30 min. Decide which indices to use for each of the samples.

NOTE: These indices will be attached to the respective 5' and 3' ends of the fragmented DNA for the identification of samples following sequencing. Ensure that no two pairings are the same for samples that may be sequenced together. For example, if sample 1 will use indices white 1 and orange 1, sample two should use white 1 and orange 2 or white 2 and orange 2, but never the same combination of indices. This kit contains 4 distinct white and 6 distinct orange indices. All of the different possible combinations allow up to 24 samples to be pooled in one sequencing lane. Although we typically only pool 10 samples in a lane, one could also use the kit containing 24 indices, which would allow for the pooling of 96 samples in a single lane of sequencing, if desired.

1. To each tube, add 1.25 µL of the left index and 1.25 µL of the right index for that specific sample. Add 3.75 µL of PCR master mix and pipette well to mix.
2. Centrifuge in a countertop microcentrifuge for 1 min.
3. Place the tubes in a preheated thermocycler with the following program: 72 °C for 3 min; 95 °C for 30 s; 12 cycles of 95 °C for 10 s, 50 °C for 30 s, and 72 °C for 1 min; 72 °C for 5 min; and a hold at 4 °C.
   NOTE: The first 95 °C step was changed from 98 °C, which was suggested by manufacturer's instructions. Also, the cycle details were adjusted so that the temperatures and time lengths allowed for the optimal tagmentation of our samples. The final 72 °C incubation was also added to our protocol and was not included in the manufacturer's instructions.
4. Briefly spin the tubes to collect the contents at the bottom. Vortex the DNA beads for 30 s, and then add 30 µL to each tube and mix thoroughly by pipetting.
5. Incubate the samples at RT for 5 min.
6. Place the samples on a magnetic separator for 2 min. Pipette the supernatant up and down twice and incubate samples for 1 min.
7. Remove and discard the clear supernatant. Add 150 µL of 80% EtOH to each sample and remove. Repeat the EtOH wash once.
8. Allow the samples to air dry for 10 min. Check intermittently to see if any EtOH has collected at the bottom of the tubes and remove as necessary.
9. Once a crack begins to appear in the DNA bead pellet, remove the sample from the magnetic separator and add 27.5 µL of resuspension buffer to rehydrate the pellet. Ensure that the pellet is completely resuspended, and then incubate at RT for 2 min.
   NOTE: The volume used for the resuspension buffer was modified to account for the smaller amount of starting material in our protocol and differs from the suggested volume in the manufacturer's instructions.
10. Place the tubes on the magnetic separator for 2 min. Transfer 25 µL of clear supernatant into an RNase-free tube and store at -20 °C.
    NOTE: Do not proceed with the manufacturer's instructions to complete library normalization. The samples are successfully prepared following this step and are prepared for sequencing as is.
11. Analyze the tagmentation of the samples using a bioanalyzer chip and 1 µL of each sample.
    NOTE: The analysis of smears will be conducted as earlier; however, cDNA should now be detected at a size range of 0.2-1 Kb (Figure 3). Smears below this point likely represent the degradation of samples, while larger smears suggest incomplete tagmentation.

11. Pooling of Samples (10 min)

1. Obtain concentrations of tagmentation samples with the high-sensitivity fluorometer from earlier and determine the concentration in nM.
   NOTE: This calculation can be computed with the use of an internet conversion tool and relies on the average fragment length from the bioanalyzer trace. To determine the average fragment length, observe the trace for each sample individually and determine the size of the average DNA fragment. This may also be calculated when examining the bioanalyzer trace by highlighting the range of the smear and examining the molarity calculated by the program.
2. Combine samples such that the pool contains the same concentration of each sample. Do not dilute samples; the pool should be only as dilute as the lowest-concentrated sample and would ideally have a total concentration of at least 15 nM.
3. Store the pooled samples at -20 °C prior to sequencing; it is suggested that samples undergo sequencing within 1 week of pooling. Perform paired-end, 100 bp sequencing with a HiSeq platform.

Results

Cell types are easily classified following the dye injection

Figure 1 shows an example of a GFP+ RGC before and after fluorescent tracer filling. This cell was identified based on its expression of GFP in the transgenic line (Figure 1A). A tight seal was formed with a fine-tip, pulled-glass electrode onto the soma of this cell. In order to characterize the subtype, the fluorescent dye was injected ...

Discussion

Our protocol demonstrates, through a quick and easy-to-use guide, a method to prepare single cells of identified morphological classes for high-quality sequencing, with little injury to the sample. In the present manuscript, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells are morphologically characterized, isolated, and prepared for RNA-Seq. Cellular stresses may occur during retinal handling; for this reason, we replace each piece of tissue after no more than 4 h of use. We can assess the state of the cells by using...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Ames' Medium	Sigma Aldrich	A1420-10X1L
Sodium Bicarbonate	Sigma Aldrich	S8875
K-gluconate	Spectrum Chemical	PO178
EGTA	Sigma Aldrich	E4378
HEPES	Sigma Aldrich	H3375
Diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC)	Sigma Aldrich	D5758
Alexa Fluor 594 Hydrazide	Invitrogen	A10442
Collagenase	Worthington Biochemical	LS005273
Hyaluronidase	Worthington Biochemical	LS002592
Petri dish (35 mm diameter)	Thermo Fisher Scientific	153066
Ophthalmologic scissors	Fine Science Tools	15000-00
#5 Forceps	Fine Science Tools	11252-30
Microplate Shaker	Fisher Scientific	13-687-708
Glass Micropipette	Sutter	BF120-69-10
Micropipette Puller	Sutter		P-1000 horizontal pipette puller
1 mL syringe	Fisher Scientific	14-823-2F
Flexible tubing	Fisher Scientific	14-171
TCL lysis buffer	Qiagen	1031576	Lysis Buffer 1
β-mercaptoethanol	Sigma Aldrich	M3148
RNase-free Water	Qiagen	129112
0.2 mL PCR tubes	Eppendorf	30124359
Ethyl Alcohol, Pure	Sigma Aldrich	E7023	Ethanol
Analog Vortex Mixer	Thermo Fisher Scientific	02215365	Vortex
Mini Centrifuge	Thermo Fisher Scientific	05-090-100
Agencourt RNAClean XP Beads	Beckman Coulter	A63987	RNA magnetic beads
MagnaBlot II Magnetic Separator	Promega	V8351	Magnetic stand
1.5 mL MCT Graduated Tubes	Thermo Fisher Scientific	05-408-129
Smart-Seq v4 Ultra Low Input RNA Kit	Clontech	634888	Reagents for Reverse Transcription and PCR Amplification
10x Lysis Buffer			Lysis Buffer 2
5x Ultra Low First-strand Buffer			Buffer 1
3' SMART-Seq CDS Primer II A			Primer II
SMART-Seq v4 Oligonucleotide			Oligonucleotide
SMARTScribe Rverse Transcriptase			Reverse Transcriptase (RT)
2x SeqAmp PCR Buffer			PCR Buffer
PCR Primer II A			PCR Primer
SeqAmp DNA Polymerase			DNA Polymerase
Mastercycler pro S	Eppendorf	950030020	Thermocycler
Agencourt AMPure XP Beads	Beckman Coulter	A63881	DNA magnetic beads
2100 Bioanalyzer	Agilent Technologies	G2939AA
HS Bioanalyzer Chips & Reagents	Agilent Technologies	5067-4626
Qubit HS Assay Kit	Thermo Fisher Scientific	Q32851	For the calculation of sample concentrations
Qubit Assay Tubes	Thermo Fisher Scientific	Q32856
Qubit 2.0 Fluorometer	Thermo Fisher Scientific	Q32866
Nextera XT DNA Sample Preparation Kit	Illumina	FC-131-1024	Reagents for Tagmentation and Index Coupling
TD Buffer			Buffer 2
ATM			Tagmentation Mix
NT Buffer			Tagmentation Neutralizing Buffer
NPM			PCR Master Mix
Nextera XT Index Kit	Illumina	FC-131-1001	Indices for Tagmentation
N501			White 1
N502			White 2
N701			Orange 1
N702			Orange 2
HiSeq 2500	Illumina	SY-401-2501	For completing sequencing of samples