Mammalian Cell Encapsulation in Alginate Beads Using a Simple Stirred Vessel

Summary

This video and manuscript describe an emulsion-based method to encapsulate mammalian cells in 0.5% to 10% alginate beads which can be produced in large batches using a simple stirred vessel. The encapsulated cells can be cultured in vitro or transplanted for cellular therapy applications.

Abstract

Cell encapsulation in alginate beads has been used for immobilized cell culture in vitro as well as for immunoisolation in vivo. Pancreatic islet encapsulation has been studied extensively as a means to increase islet survival in allogeneic or xenogeneic transplants. Alginate encapsulation is commonly achieved by nozzle extrusion and external gelation. Using this method, cell-containing alginate droplets formed at the tip of nozzles fall into a solution containing divalent cations that cause ionotropic alginate gelation as they diffuse into the droplets. The requirement for droplet formation at the nozzle tip limits the volumetric throughput and alginate concentration that can be achieved. This video describes a scalable emulsification method to encapsulate mammalian cells in 0.5% to 10% alginate with 70% to 90% cell survival. By this alternative method, alginate droplets containing cells and calcium carbonate are emulsified in mineral oil, followed by a decrease in pH leading to internal calcium release and ionotropic alginate gelation. The current method allows the production of alginate beads within 20 min of emulsification. The equipment required for the encapsulation step consists in simple stirred vessels available to most laboratories.

Introduction

Mammalian cell encapsulation has been broadly studied as a means to protect transplanted cells from immune rejection¹ or to provide a three-dimensional support for immobilized cell culture^2,3,4. Pancreatic islet encapsulation in alginate beads has been used to reverse diabetes in allogeneic^5,6 or xenogeneic^7,8,9,10,11,

Protocol

1. Prepare the Alginate Solution, the CaCO₃ Suspension and the Acidified Oil

1. Prepare the process buffer and medium.
   1. Prepare the typical process buffer used to generate high-concentration alginate beads using 10 mM HEPES, 170 mM NaCl. Adjust the pH to 7.4.
   2. Prepare the typical culture medium using Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 6 mM glutamine, 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 mg/mL streptomycin.
2. Prepare the alginate stock solution at 1.17 fold the final desired concentration in the beads.
   1. First, weigh the a....

Results

At the end of the emulsification and internal gelation process, a bead volume similar to the initial alginate and cell mixture volume should be recovered. The beads should be highly spherical with few defects (Figure 3). The beads should be sufficiently strong to withstand pipetting through large-bore pipettes. At high alginate concentrations, encapsulated oil or air droplets may be observed in the beads. This likely occurs due to the entrapment of oil in alg.......

Discussion

Various steps (depicted in Figure 2) during the internal gelation reaction can limit the overall kinetics. For calcium carbonate grains larger than ~2.5 µm, the rate of carbonate dissolution has been shown to be rate-limiting^26,44. The acidification step that leads to internal calcium release has also been shown to be the critical process variable affecting cell survival³². The conditions that lead to internal gelation are.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Reagents and consumables
LVM alginate (transplantation-grade)	Novamatrix	Non-applicable	Referred to as "alginate #1" in the results.
MVG alginate (transplantation-grade)	Novamatrix	Non-applicable	Referred to as "alginate #2" in the results.
Alginate (cell culture-grade)	Sigma	A0682 (low viscosity) or A2033 (medium viscosity)	A2033 is referred to as "alginate #3" in the results.
DMEM	Life Technologies	11995-065
Fetal bovine serum, characterized, Canadian origin	Thermo Fisher Scientific	SH3039603
Glutamine	Life Technologies	25030
Penicillin and streptomycin	Sigma	P4333-100ML
HEPES, cell culture tested	Sigma	H4034-100G
NaCl	Thermo Fisher Scientific	S271-1
Fine-grain CaCO3	Avantor Materials	1301-01	After preparing the CaCO3 suspension, sonicate and use within one month.
Light mineral oil	Thermo Fisher Scientific	O121-4	Sterile filter through a 0.22 μm pore size membrane prior to use.
Glacial acetic acid	Thermo Fisher Scientific	A38-500	Handle with caution: refer to MSDS.
Sterile spatulas	Sigma	CLS3004-100EA
Sterile nylon cell strainers, 40 µm	Thermo Fisher Scientific	08-771-1
Serological pipettes (2 mL, 5 mL, 10 mL, 25 mL)	Sarstedt	86.1252.001, 86.1253.001, 86.1254.001 and 86.1685.001
Pasteur pipettes	VWR	14673-043
Toluidine Blue-O	Sigma	T3260
Equipment
100 mL microcarrier spinner flasks	Bellco	1965-00100	The impeller configuration with recent models may not be suitable for adequate emulsification. A blade able to sweep the oil down to 0.5 cm from the bottom of the flask can be custom-made from a Teflon sheet.
Magnetic stir plate with adjustable speed	Bellco	7760-06005	The rotation speed should be calibrated (e.g. using a tachometer) prior to use.
Cell counter	Innovatis	Cedex AS20	This system is now sold by Roche. This automated cell counter can also be replaced by manual cell enumeration after Trypan blue staining using a hemocytometer.
LED light box	Artograph	LightPad® PRO	This item can be replaced by other types of illuminators.
Handheld camera	Canon	PowerShot A590 IS	A variety of handheld cameras can be used to capture toluidine blue-o stained bead images. A ruler should be placed next to the Petri dish containing the beads prior to acquiring images.
Fluorescence microscope with phase contrast and adequate fluorescence filters	Olympus	IX81	Several microscopy systems were used to image the beads. The results shown here were obtained with an IX81 microscope equipped with GFP and TRITC fluorescence filters. To capture entire beads, 4X to 20X objectives were used depending on the agitation rate. Live/dead staining images were typically captured with 20X to 40X objectives.
Image aquisition software	Molecular Devices	Metamorph	A variety of image acquisition software can be used to acquire phase contrast and fluorescence images.
Image analysis freeware	CellProfiler	Non-applicable	A variety of image analysis software can be used to identify beads as objects and analyze bead size (e.g. ImageJ).