Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure

Summary

Ammonia can be synthesized at low pressure by using a conventional catalyst and an ammonia selective absorbent.

Abstract

Ammonia can be synthesized at low pressure by the use of an ammonia selective absorbent. The process can be driven with wind energy, available locally in areas requiring ammonia for synthetic fertilizer. Such wind energy is often called "stranded," because it is only available far from population centers where it can be directly used.

In the proposed low pressure process, nitrogen is made from air using pressure swing absorption, and hydrogen is produced by electrolysis of water. While these gases can react at approximately 400 °C in the presence of a promoted conventional catalyst, the conversion is often limited by the reverse reaction, which makes this reaction only feasible at high pressures. This limitation can be removed by absorption on an ammine-like calcium or magnesium chloride. Such alkaline metal halides can effectively remove ammonia, thus suppressing the equilibrium constraints of the reaction. In the proposed absorption-enhanced ammonia synthesis process, the rate of reaction may then be controlled not by the chemical kinetics nor the absorption rates, but by the rate of the recycle of unreacted gases. The results compare favorably with ammonia made from a conventional small scale Haber-Bosch process.

Introduction

Ammonia is a key industrial chemical. It is produced through the Haber-Bosch process, which is known as one of the most important innovations of the 20^th century^1,2. Ammonia synthesis is carried out in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst at elevated temperatures (> 375 °C) and pressures (>100 bar)³. Such high temperature and pressure requirements make ammonia synthesis very energy- and capital-intensive. Approximately, 150 million tons of ammonia are produced each year⁴, which accounts for 1-3% of the world's energy consumption, 5....

Protocol

1. Pilot Plant Start-up

1. Nitrogen production system
   1. Turn on the air dryer, the air compressor, and the nitrogen generator. Verify that there is at least 800 kPa of air in the air compressor tank. This keeps sending nitrogen to the buffer tank until there is no more than 0.004% (40 ppm) oxygen in the nitrogen.
   2. Turn on the nitrogen gas booster. The gas booster starts to fill the nitrogen supply tanks, at pressures as high as 17 MPa.
2. Hydrogen production system
   1. Turn on the chiller, the water deionization unit, and the electrolyzer. The electrolyzer will not operate with....

Results

A pilot plant in Morris, MN has demonstrated the feasibility of using wind for local ammonia manufacture¹⁸, as shown in Figure 1. The wind generates electricity, which is used to make nitrogen and hydrogen through the pressure swing absorption of air and through the electrolysis of water, respectively. A reactor uses a conventional catalyst to combine the nitrogen and hydrogen gases, making ammonia. The ammonia is then separated using .......

Discussion

Critical Steps of the Reaction-absorption Experimental Apparatus:

Make sure that there is no impurity in the nitrogen and hydrogen system. The absorbent materials will change after each cycle. In most cases, at high temperature and in the presence of ammonia, the absorbent materials fuse and form a large solid concrete. According to the thermodynamic properties of each metal halide and ammine complex, the appropriate temperatures for absorption and desorption should be employed. Before each test,.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Experimental Apparatus
Magnesium Chloride	Sigma Aldrich	7786-30-3	St. Louis, MO
Calcium Chloride	Sigma Aldrich	10043-52-4	St. Louis, MO
Ultra Pure Hydrogen	Matheson	SG PHYF30050	New Brighton, MN
Ultra Pure Nitrogen	Matheson	SG G1881112	New Brighton, MN
Iron Based Catalyst	Clariant/Sud Chemie	-	Charlotte, NC
Variable Piston Pump	PumpWorks Inc.	PW2070N	Minneapolis, MN
Omega Ceramic Heater	Omega	CRFC-36/115-A	Stamford, CT
PID Controller	Omega	CN96211TR	Stamford, CT
Signal Conditioner	Omega	DRG-SC-TC	Stamford, CT
Pressure Transducer	WIKA	50426877	Lawrenceville, Georgia
Mass Flow Controller	Brooks Instruments	SLA5850	Hatefield, PA
Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Pilot Plant
Electrolyzer	Proton OnSite	H6 Series	Wallingford, CT
Gas Booster	PDC Machine	3 2500	Warminster, PA
Wind Turbine	Vestas	V82	Portland, OR
Chiller	Thermal Care	SQ Series	Niles, IL
Water Purifier	Elga Pure Lab	S-15
Nitrogen Generator	Innovative Gas System	NS-10	Huoston, TX
Air Compressor	Hydrovane	HV05