Method Article

Laboratory Techniques Used to Maintain and Differentiate Biotypes of Vibrio cholerae Clinical and Environmental Isolates

DOI:

10.3791/55760

⸱

May 30th, 2017

 ,  ,  ,  , 
1Department of Biological Sciences, Plymouth State University

* These authors contributed equally

In This Article

Summary

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This manuscript describes proper Vibrio cholerae maintenance techniques in addition to a series of biochemical assays, collectively utilized for quick and reliable differentiation between clinical and environmental V. cholerae biotypes in a laboratory setting.

Abstract

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The aquatic Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae is the etiological agent of the infectious gastrointestinal disease cholera. Due to the global prevalence and severity of this disease, V. cholerae has been extensively studied in both environmental and laboratory settings, requiring proper maintenance and culturing techniques. Classical and El Tor are two main biotypes that compose the V. cholerae O1 serogroup, each displaying unique genotypic and phenotypic characteristics that provide reliable mechanisms for biotype characterization, and require distinct virulence inducing culturing conditions. Regardless of the biotype of the causative strain for any given infection or outbreak, the standard treatment for the disease involves rehydration therapy supplemented with a regimen of antibiotics. However, biotype classification may be necessary for laboratory studies and may have broader impacts in the biomedical field. In the early 2000's clinical isolates were identified which exhibit genotypic and phenotypic traits from both classical and El Tor biotypes. The newly identified hybrids, termed El Tor variants, have caused clinical and environmental isolate biotype identification to become more complex than previous traditional single assay identification protocols. In addition to describing V. cholerae general maintenance and culturing techniques, this manuscript describes a series of gene specific (ctxB and tcpA) PCR-based genetic screens and phenotypic assays (polymyxin B resistance, citrate metabolism, proteolytic activity, hemolytic activity, motility, and glucose metabolism via Voges-Proskauer assay) collectively used to characterize and/or distinguish between classical and El Tor biotypes. Together, these assays provide an efficient systematic approach to be used as an alternative, or in addition, to costly, labor-intensive experiments in the characterization of V. cholerae clinical (and environmental) isolates.

Introduction

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Cholera is a disease of the distal small intestine caused by the consumption of contaminated food or water containing the aquatic Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Symptoms of cholera include vomiting and uncontrollable watery diarrhea, leading to severe dehydration, which if not treated properly, will result in death. V. cholerae can be divided into over 200 serogroups based on the structure of the cell-surface lipopolysaccharide O-antigen. However, only 2 serogroups, O1 and O139, have shown epidemic or pandemic potential1,2. Moreover, serogroup O139 has been primari....

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Protocol

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Note: Time considerations for each assay must be made as individual media preparations require different times. For example, solid agar plate media should be allowed to sufficiently cool and dry (1-2 days). Additional time considerations (i.e. single colony and overnight culture growth) are specified under each protocol and are found in Table 2.

1. Preparation of Media

  1. 1x Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)
    1. Weigh 4.0 g NaCl, 0.1 g KCl, 0.72 g Na2HPO4, and 0.12 g KH2PO4. Combine the constituents in a 1 L Erlenmeyer flask, adjust volume ....

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Results

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For proper maintenance and use of any bacterial strain, it is recommended to know the doubling time of the strain(s) of interest. Herein, the varying growth rates of commonly used V. cholerae strains were demonstrated through a growth curve, and approximate doubling times were calculated using linear regression. WT El Tor N16961 and El Tor variant MQ1795 demonstrated shorter doubling times (~1 h and ~1 h, respectively) than WT classical O395 (~2 h) (.......

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Discussion

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Of the over 200 identified V. cholerae serogroups, only O1 and O139 have epidemic potential. The O1 serogroup can be divided into two biotypes: classical and El Tor. However, hybrid strains, termed El Tor variants13,17, have emerged that possess the El Tor biotype background, and harbor classical characteristics8,9,10,11

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Disclosures

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

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Research supported by New Hampshire-INBRE through an Institutional Development Award (IDeA), P20GM103506, from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the NIH.

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Materials

List of materials used in this article
NameCompanyCatalog NumberComments
1 kb DNA LadderNew England BiolabsN3232Shttps://www.neb.com/products/n3232-1-kb-dna-ladder
60% GlycerolCalbiochem356352http://www.emdmillipore.com/US/en/product/Glycerol%2C-Molecular-Biology-Grade---CAS-56-81-5---Calbiochem,EMD_BIO-356352
AgarBecto, Dickinson and Co.214030http://catalog.bd.com/nexus-ecat/getProductDetail?productId=214030&parentCategory=&parentCategoryName=&categoryId=&categoryName=&searchUrl=%2FsearchResults%3Fkeyword%3D214030%26typeOfSearch%3DproductSearch
Agar with brain-heart infusionBecto, Dickinson and Co.237500http://catalog.bd.com/nexus-ecat/getProductDetail?productId=237500&parentCategory=&parentCategoryName=&categoryId=&categoryName=&searchUrl=%2FsearchResults%3Fkeyword%3D237500%26typeOfSearch%3DproductSearch
AgarosePeqlab732-2789https://de.vwr.com/store/catalog/product.jsp?catalog_number=732-2789&_DARGS=/store/cms/de.vwr.com/de_DE/header_2016111711383215.jsp_AF&_dynSessConf=1766917479792147141&targetURL=/store/catalog/product.jsp%3Fcatalog_number%3D732-2789&lastLanguage=en&/vwr/userprofiling/EditPersonalInfoFormHandler.updateLocale=&_D%3AcurrentLanguage=+¤tLanguage=en&_D%3AlastLanguage=+&_D%3A/vwr/userprofiling/EditPersonalInfoFormHandler.updateLocale=+
Anhydrous K2HPO4Fisher ScientificP288-500https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/potassium-phosphate-dibasic-anhydrous-crystalline-powder-certified-acs-fisher-chemical-5/p288500?searchHijack=true&searchTerm=P288500&searchType=RAPID
Blood Agar PlatesRemelR01200Store at 4 °C;  http://www.remel.com/Catalog/Item.aspx?name=Blood+Agar
Boric AcidFisher ScientificA73-500https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/boric-acid-crystalline-certified-acs-fisher-chemical-6/a73500?searchHijack=true&searchTerm=A73500&searchType=RAPID
Bromothymol BlueFisher ScientificB388-10https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/bromothymol-blue-certified-acs-fisher-chemical/b38810?searchHijack=true&searchTerm=B38810&searchType=RAPID
Cirtric acid ·H2OFisher ScientificS72836-3https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/citric-acid-monohydrate-4/s728363#?keyword=s728363
Deoxynucleotide (dNTP) Solution KitNew England BiolabsN0446SStore at -20 °C;  https://www.neb.com/products/n0446-deoxynucleotide-solutionset
Disodium EDTAFisher ScientificS311-500https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/ethylenediaminetetraacetic-acid-disodium-salt-dihydrate-crystalline-certified-acs-fisher-chemical-7/s311500?searchHijack=true&searchTerm=S311500&searchType=RAPID
DNA Clean & Concentrator™ -25 KitZymo ResearchD4007http://www.zymoresearch.com/dna/dna-clean-up/zymoclean-gel-dna-recovery-kit
GelGreen Nucleic Acid StainBiotium41005https://biotium.com/product/gelgreentm-nucleic-acid-gel-stain-10,000x-in-water/
Genesys 10SUV-VIS SpectrophotometerThermo Scientific840-208100https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/840-208100?ICID=search-840-208100
Gentra Puregene Yeast/Bact. KitQiagen158567https://www.qiagen.com/us/shop/sample-technologies/dna/dna-preparation/gentra-puregene-yeastbact-kit/#orderinginformation
HClFisher ScientificA144-212Corrosive;  https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/hydrochloric-acid-certified-acs-plus-fisher-chemical-10/a144212?searchHijack=true&searchTerm=A144212&searchType=RAPID
KClFisher ScientificP217-500https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/potassium-chloride-crystalline-certified-acs-fisher-chemical-4/p217500?searchHijack=true&searchTerm=P217500&searchType=RAPID
KH2PO4Fisher ScientificP285-500https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/potassium-phosphate-monobasic-crystalline-certified-acs-fisher-chemical-5/p285500?searchHijack=true&searchTerm=P285500&searchType=RAPID
KOHFisher ScientificP250-500https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/potassium-hydroxide-pellets-certified-acs-fisher-chemical-5/p250500?searchHijack=true&searchTerm=P250500&searchType=RAPID
Le LoopDecon Labs Inc.MP190-25http://deconlabs.com/products/leloop/
Le StabDecon Labs Inc.MP186-5http://deconlabs.com/products/lestab/
MgSO4·7H2OFisher ScientificM63-500https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/magnesium-sulfate-heptahydrate-crystalline-certified-acs-fisher-chemical-3/m63500?searchHijack=true&searchTerm=M63500&searchType=RAPID
Mini-Sub Cell GT Horizontal Electrophoresis SystemBio Rad Labs1704406http://www.bio-rad.com/en-us/product/mini-sub-cell-gt-cell?WT.srch=1&WT.mc_id=aw-cbb-NA-sub_cell_systems_brand_gold&WT.knsh_id=7eb1981f-a011-42a3-aece-1236ff453373
MR-VP BrothDifco216300http://catalog.bd.com/nexus-ecat/getProductDetail?productId=216300&parentCategory=&parentCategoryName=&categoryId=&categoryName=&searchUrl=%2FsearchResults%3Fkeyword%3Dmr-vp%2Bmedium%26typeOfSearch%3DproductSearch
Na2HPO4Fisher ScientificS374-500https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/sodium-phosphate-dibasic-anhydrous-granular-powder-certified-acs-fisher-chemical-5/s374500?searchHijack=true&searchTerm=S374500&searchType=RAPID
NaClFisher ScientificS271-10https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/sodium-chloride-crystalline-certified-acs-fisher-chemical-6/s27110?searchHijack=true&searchTerm=S27110&searchType=RAPID
NaHCO3Fisher ScientificS233-500https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/sodium-bicarbonate-powder-certified-acs-fisher-chemical-5/s233500?searchHijack=true&searchTerm=S233500&searchType=RAPID
NaNH4HPO4·4H2OFisher ScientificS218-500https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/sodium-ammonium-phosphate-tetrahydrate-crystalline-certified-fisher-chemical/s218500?searchHijack=true&searchTerm=S218500&searchType=RAPID
NanoDrop Lite SpectrophtometerThermo ScientificND-LITE-PRhttps://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/ND-LITE-PR?ICID=search-ND-LITE-PR
Nonfat dry milkNestle CarnationN/AN/A
PeptoneBecto, Dickinson and Co.211677http://catalog.bd.com/nexus-ecat/getProductDetail?productId=211677&parentCategory=&parentCategoryName=&categoryId=&categoryName=&searchUrl=%2FsearchResults%3Fkeyword%3D211677%26typeOfSearch%3DproductSearch
Petri Dishes (100 mm x 15 mm)Fisher ScientificFB0875712https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/fisherbrand-petri-dishes-clear-lid-12/fb0875712#?keyword=FB0875712
Petri Dishes (150 mm x 15 mm)Fisher ScientificFB0875714https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/fisherbrand-petri-dishes-clear-lid-12/fb0875714?searchHijack=true&searchTerm=FB0875714&searchType=RAPID
Polymyxin B sulfate saltSigma-AldrichP1004-10MUStore at 2-4 °C; http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sial/p1004?lang=en®ion=US
Taq DNA PolymeraseNew England BiolabsM0273SStore at -20 °C; https://www.neb.com/products/m0273-taq-dna-polymerase-with-standard-taq-buffer
Taq Reaction BufferNew England BiolabsM0273SStore at -20 °C;  https://www.neb.com/products/m0273-taq-dna-polymerase-with-standard-taq-buffer
Thermal Cycler Bio-Rad C1000 Touch™ Bio Rad Labs1840148http://www.bio-rad.com/evportal/evolutionPortal.portal?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=search_page&sfMode=search&sfStartNumber=1&clearQR=true&js=1&searchString=1840148&database=productskus+productcategories+productdetails+abdProductDetails+msds+literatures+inserts+faqs+downloads+webpages+assays+genes+pathways+plates+promotions&tabName=DIVISIONNAME
Triphenyltetrazolium chlorideAlfa AesarA10870https://www.alfa.com/en/catalog/A10870/
Tris BaseFisher ScientificBP152-1https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/tris-base-white-crystals-crystalline-powder-molecular-biology-fisher-bioreagents-7/bp1521?searchHijack=true&searchTerm=BP1521&searchType=RAPID
TryptoneBecto, Dickinson and Co.211705http://catalog.bd.com/nexus-ecat/getProductDetail?productId=211705&parentCategory=&parentCategoryName=&categoryId=&categoryName=&searchUrl=%2FsearchResults%3Fkeyword%3D211705%26typeOfSearch%3DproductSearch
Yeast ExtractBecto, Dickinson and Co.212750http://catalog.bd.com/nexus-ecat/getProductDetail?productId=212750&parentCategory=&parentCategoryName=&categoryId=&categoryName=&searchUrl=%2FsearchResults%3Fkeyword%3D212750%26typeOfSearch%3DproductSearch
α-naptholMP Biomedicals204189http://www.mpbio.com/product.php?pid=05204189

References

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  1. Shimada, T., et al. Extended serotyping scheme for Vibrio cholerae. Curr. Microbiol. 28 (3), 175-178 (1994).
  2. Yamai, S., Tadayuki, O., Toshio, S., Yasuji, K. Distribution of serogroups of Vibrio cholerae non-O1 non-O139 with specific reference to their ability to produce cholera....

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Biotype CharacterizationPCR Genetic ScreensPhenotypic AssaysPolymyxin B ResistanceVoges Proskauer AssayMotility Agar PlatesGlycerol Stock StorageLB Agar PlatesCentrifugation Protocol

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