Regenerative Therapy by Suprachoroidal Cell Autograft in Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration: Preliminary In Vivo Report

Paolo Giuseppe Limoli; Enzo Maria Vingolo; Celeste Limoli; Sergio Zaccaria Scalinci; Marcella Nebbioso

doi:10.3791/56469

Medicine

Regenerative Therapy by Suprachoroidal Cell Autograft in Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration: Preliminary In Vivo Report

Published: February 12, 2018 doi: 10.3791/56469

Paolo Giuseppe Limoli¹, Enzo Maria Vingolo², Celeste Limoli¹, Sergio Zaccaria Scalinci³, Marcella Nebbioso⁴

¹Low Vision Research Centre of Milan, ²Department of Ophthalmology, A. Fiorini Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, ³Glaucoma and Low Vision Study Center, Department of General Surgery and Organ Transplants, University of Bologna, ⁴Department of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Sapienza University of Rome

Summary

The goal of this study is to assess whether the suprachoroidal graft of adipose-derived stem cells included in the stromal vascular fraction and platelets derived from platelet-rich plasma by the Limoli Retinal Restoration Technique can improve visual acuity and retinal sensitivity responses in eyes affected by dry age-related macular degeneration.

Abstract

This study is aimed at examining whether a suprachoroidal graft of autologous cells can improve best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and responses to microperimetry (MY) in eyes affected by dry Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) over time through the production and secretion of growth factors (GFs) on surrounding tissue. Patients were randomly assigned to each study group. All patients were diagnosed with dry AMD and with BCVA equal to or greater than 1 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR). A suprachoroidal autologous graft by Limoli Retinal Restoration Technique (LRRT) was carried out on group A, which included 11 eyes from 11 patients. The technique was performed by implanting adipocytes, adipose-derived stem cells obtained from the stromal vascular fraction, and platelets from platelet-rich plasma in the suprachoroidal space. Conversely, group B, including 14 eyes of 14 patients, was used as a control group. For each patient, diagnosis was verified by confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope and spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). In group A, BCVA improved by 0.581 to 0.504 at 90 days and to 0.376 logMAR at 180 days (+32.20%) postoperatively. Furthermore, MY test increased by 11.44 dB to 12.59 dB at 180 days. The different cell types grafted behind the choroid were able to ensure constant GF secretion in the choroidal flow. Consequently, the results indicate that visual acuity (VA) in the grafted group can increase more than in the control group after six months.

Introduction

Cell therapy, consisting of the systemic or local injection of stem/progenitor cells in the injured area to treat multiple chronic disorders, has drawn close attention in the last decade¹. Since the 1990s, growth factors (GFs) have been studied for their potentially therapeutic role in retinal atrophy². In fact, many human cells can produce GFs, which are specific proteins that are able to block or slow down apoptosis, i.e., the programmed death of cells³.

It is known that dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an atrophic retinal disease where gradual and irreversible cell death involves injury to the photoreceptor layer and, consequently, the loss of central visual function⁴. AMD is the leading cause of blindness in people over 55 years of age in developed countries and accounts for 80% of all macular degenerations, which lack an effective treatment to date.

Several studies have shown that there are various sources from which autologous GFs can be obtained. These comprise different cell types, including adipose stromal cells derived from orbital fat, platelets derived from platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) included in the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of adipose tissue⁵^,⁶^,⁷. The current GF set ensures retinal neuroenhancement, and research conducted by Filatov, Meduri, Pelaez, and Limoli has demonstrated that autologous fat transplantation (AFT) is effective⁸^,⁹^,¹⁰.

Moreover, a prior study showed significant improvements in electroretinogram (ERG) data, recorded post suprachoroidal autologous graft, in dry AMD-affected eyes¹¹. The surgically grafted tissue in the suprachoroidal space modulated the paracrine secretion of retinal cells, delaying their apoptosis⁶^,⁷^,¹². Considering outer nuclear layer thickness, the histological examination of the retina of guinea pigs has shown that GFs could have a trophic effect on the retina. Therefore, the direct or indirect use of GFs can potentially bring therapeutic benefits through a balanced relation between molecular inducers and inhibitors⁶^,⁷^,¹².

The purpose of this method is to assess whether the suprachoroidal graft of adipocytes, ADSCs in SVF and PRP can improve best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and microperimetry (MY) responses in dry AMD-affected eyes. This study aims to demonstrate the therapeutic effect of autograft on the basis of its GF production, according to the cited literature⁶^,⁷^,¹²^,¹³.

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Protocol

The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Low Vision Academy and all subjects signed a written consent in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration. This research study has received ethical approval from both Loughborough and Sheffield Universities.

NOTE: The inclusion and exclusion criteria of dry age-related macular degeneration patients to receive suprachoroidal autologous graft by Limoli Retinal Restoration Technique (LRRT) is described in Table 1.

1. Diagnosis of Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration Patients

Ascertain the diagnosis with confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope, SD-OCT, and MY.
Evaluate each group's BCVA for far and near distance. Measure VA for near vision (close-up) in points (Pts). Measure BCVA at time 0 (T0), 90 (T90), and 180 days (T180) compared to early treatment diabetic retinopathy study (EDTRS) charts at 4 meters in logMAR.
Record electrical scotopic, mesopic, and photopic cell activity, or flash ERG, according to the standards set in 2009 by the International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision (ISCEV)¹¹.

2. Anesthetization

NOTE: The gold standard in anesthesia during LRRT is topical anesthesia, reinforced by sub-tenon's infiltration of anesthetic and sedation. In specific cases, general anesthesia is preferred.

Obtain corneal and conjunctival anesthesia by applying topical local anesthetics instilled dropwise 15 - 20 min before the surgery with lidocaine at 4% and ropivacaine at 1%.
Inject anesthesia by infiltration directly into sub-conjunctival and subtenon's spaces.
Use local infiltration both in the abdominal region, before the adipose tissue is extracted, and in the sub-conjunctival and sub-tenon's spaces, 12 mm from the limbus. Adopt local anesthetic of carbocaine or marcain mixed with 1,200 IU epinephrine.
Provide intraoperative sedation through the anesthetic, which can be performed properly by using fentanyl as a narcotic analgesic through repeated small boli. The dosage is generally 0.025 mg of fentanyl with 1 mg of midazolam per bolus.

3. Limoli Retinal Restoration Technique Preparation

NOTE: This technique represents a variant of Pelaez's intervention by which orbital autologous fat is transplanted in the subscleral space¹^,⁶^,⁷^,¹². Surgically grafted cells can produce many GFs with neurotrophic and angiotrophic properties in the surrounding tissue, choroid, and retina¹⁸^,¹⁹^,²⁰^,²¹^,²²^,²³^,²⁴^,²⁵. In LRRT, the distance between grafted autologous cells and choroid is reduced by means of deep sclerectomy, and the contact area between the stalk and choroid is expanded to promote the paracrine autologous cell secretion into the choroidal flow⁹^,¹⁰^,¹⁴.

Perform proper disinfection of each eye before surgery with cellular grafting between the choroid and sclera, a procedure called Limoli Retinal Restoration Technique (LRRT)¹⁵^,¹⁶^,¹⁷.
Graft the ADSCs, obtained by Coleman et al. and Lawrence's technique (Figure 1) from abdominal fat, in the SVF in the sovrachoroidal space¹⁵^,¹⁶^,¹⁷.
Infiltrate adipose pedicle with platelets derived from PRP gel obtained through the following steps.
Centrifuge blood⁶^,¹² and collect platelet-rich plasma (PRP). The stimulus to platelet degranulation causes GF release in the adipose pedicle⁶^,¹².

4. Technical Specifications and Strategy

Note: Fat tissue is collected and purified from the abdominal subcutaneous layer of patients, according to the Lawrence and Coleman technique¹⁷(Table of Materials).

Manually harvest 10 mL of fat tissue from the abdominal subcutaneous layer of each patient, using a 3-mm blunt cannula connected to a locking syringe, according to the Lawrence and Coleman technique¹⁷ (Figures 2A/2B).
Separate pure SVF of fat tissue from blood, fat, oil, and liquid by centrifugation for 5 min at 1,500 x g at 20 °C (Figure 2C). The SVF is very rich of ADSCs¹⁷.
Collect 8 mL of human peripheral blood with a 22 G needle and in a separate tube for PRP preparation.
Centrifuge the collected blood for 5 min at 1,500 x g at 20 °C (Figure 2D). In LRRT, the ensuing changes result in better survival of the autologous fat graft, ADSC proliferation, which favors increased choroidal perfusion, and a more comprehensive modulation of the action of those factors that are secreted only by fat⁷^,¹¹^,¹⁷.
Build the suprachoroidal pocket (more details in step 4, in particular 4.4 and 4.5) to accommodate the graft obtained from orbital fat and saturate the residual volume of this pocket with a mixture of ADSCs from SVF and PRP, obtained according to the Lawrence and Coleman technique¹⁷.

5. Suprachoroidal Autograft by LRRT (Limoli Retinal Restoration Technique): Surgical Procedure and Technical Details

Anchor the sclera with 6-0 silk suture, near the inferior-temporal limbus.
Open the subconjunctival and subtenonian space at 11 mm from the inferior-temporal limbus, using 5.5" Westcott Tenetomy curved scissors.
Insert the Limoli-Basile conjunctival retractor in this space to make a scleral surgical field.
Using a 5-mm crescent knife angled bevel up, pre-cut a flap on the side in the sclera at 8 mm, from the limbus. The flap hinge is always radial and to the left of the surgeon.
In the inferior-temporal quadrant, at 8 mm from the limbus, open a deep scleral door of about 5 mm on the side by radial hinge by using a crescent knife, angled bevel up. Carry out sclerectomy at an adequate depth to view the slate color of the choroid.
Create a gap by removing a little operculum in the distal part of the flap, in order to facilitate blood circulation in the subsequent suprachoroidal autograft.
Extract with ophthalmological forceps the orbital fat from a gap above the inferior oblique muscle. Make sure the extracted fat is sufficiently vascularized to allow it to survive after its implantation.
Gently place the autologous fat flap on the choroidal bed and suture with choroidal 6/0 polyglactin fiber at the proximal edge of the door.
Suture the scleral flap to avoid compression on the fat pedicle or on its nutrient vessels.
Infiltrate the stroma of the fat pedicle with 1 mL of PRP gel (obtained by centrifugation of the blood material, separation of the component, and platelet degranulation²⁶) using a 30 G angled (30°) cannula.
Prepare the sides of the conjunctiva for the suture. Then, remove the conjunctival retractor.
Suture the conjunctiva, using 6/0 polyglactin fiber.
Before closing, leave a space to insert into the subscleral space, between the flap, the choroid, and the choroidal autograft, a small flexible plastic tube with the autologous fat graft.
Saturate the residual space between the autologous fat graft, choroid, and scleral flaps with 0.5 cc of SVF (rich of ADSCs), previously prepared in step 3.2, by a small flexible plastic tube, inserted into the scleral pocket.
After saturating the residual space, close the suture.
After surgery, administer three days of antibiotic therapy with 500 mg azithromycin. Also, provide eye-drop therapy with an antibiotic and steroid combination, such as Chloramphenicol and Betamethasone, for about 15 - 20 days.
NOTE: An autograft made up of fat cells, ADSCs from SVF, and PRP has now been obtained²⁶. Reduce the distance between the grafted autologous cells and choroid by deep sclerectomy to stimulate paracrine secretion of autologous cells into the choroidal flow. For the same purpose, expand the area of contact between the stalk and choroid.

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Representative Results

Using the procedure presented here, two groups of dry AMD-affected patients, with BCVA equal to or greater than 1 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR), were enrolled in the study. Group A, including 11 eyes of 11 patients, received suprachoroidal autologous graft by Limoli Retinal Restoration Technique (LRRT), whereas group B, including 14 eyes of 14 patients, was used as a control group.

Student's t-test and the chi square test were used to compare, respectively, mean age and gender distribution between the two study groups (Table 2). Statistical analyses and data visualization were performed before and after LRRT surgery.

A Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney signed rank test was carried out to determine whether the pre- and post-treatment differences were significant. This non-parametric statistical hypothesis test was applied to compare two dependent samples when the population cannot be assumed to be normally distributed, as in this case. VA values were measured at each step of the analysis. Statistical significance was set at a p value <0.05.

Eleven eyes (6 right and 5 left eyes) of 11 patients (7 male and 4 female) with the clinical diagnosis of dry AMD were examined in this study. Patient age ranged from 62 to 84 years, with a mean age of 71.5 years (± 3.8 SD).

Table 2 provides an overview of the clinical profiles of the patients treated with LRRT, and the average values recorded at 0 (T0), 90 (T90), and 180 (T180) days after surgery. Adverse effects were always reported to guarantee maximum safety. Mean values of intraocular pressure recorded at 0 (T0), 90 (T90), and 180 (T180) days after surgery did not record any significant change.

Results after LRRT surgery were as follows:
In group A, BCVA changed from 0.581 (T0) preoperatively to 0.504 at 90 days (T90), and to 0.376 logMAR at 180 days (T180) with a significant increase of 35.20% (p <0.01). In control group B, including 14 eyes of 14 patients, 7 males and 7 females, with a mean age of 80.4 years, SD ± 2.3, BCVA changed from 0.573 (T0) to 0.587 (T90), and to 0.601 logMAR (T180) with a non-significant mean decrease of 4.72% (Table 2) (Figure 3). In group A, MY test increased significantly from 11.44 dB (T0) to 12.59 dB (T180) (+9.58%) (Figure 4), whereas there was no significant improvement in postoperative values in group B.

Figure 1: Representation of suprachoroidal autologous graft. Growth factors (GFs) produced by adipose cells, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) reach the choroidal and retinal tissues through the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 2: Technical Procedure. Cannula and subsequent withdrawal of adipose tissue from the abdominal area (Panel A). The cannula moves subcutaneous fat with mild aspiration by aspirating fat cells into its own lumen (Panel B). After centrifugation, there are three-layers of adipose tissue: oil (high layer), homogeneous fat (intermediate layer), and blood fluid (lower layer) (Panel C). Observe the tube with blood immediately after centrifugation. There are three layers: platelets poor plasma (PPP), platelets rich plasma (PRP), and erythrocytes (Panel D). Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 3: Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Change in group A after suprachoroidal autologous graft by Limoli Retinal Restoration Technique (LRRT), and in the control group (Check), measured at time 0 (T0), 90 (T90), and 180 (T180) days. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 4: Microperimetry (MY) in a patient of group A. Dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) six months after Limoli Retinal Restoration Technique (LRRT). MY increased from 11.44 dB (T0) to 12.59 dB (T180) (+9.58%). Color scale from 0 to 36 in dB. Fixation stability: stable, relatively unstable, unstable. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Inclusion Criteria	Exclusion Criteria
Caucasian subjects	Refractive errors with spherical equivalent >6 D
Well-nourished participants	Signs of exudative AMD by SD-OCT and FA
Diagnosis by SD-OCT, AFI, and FA	Ocular disorders: CT, GL, ON, MP, VM, CRD, etc.
Measurable VA	Ocular trauma
BCVA ≥1 logMAR	Systemic diseases: MS; PD; DM; RD; HD; vasculitis
Normal IOP	Hypertension, cancer, and other systemic diseases
Good storage extrafoveal areas

LogMAR: logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution; SD-OCT: spectral domain-optical coherence tomography; AFI: autofluorescence imaging; FA: fluorescein angiography; VA: visual acuity; IOP: intraocular pressure; D: diopters; CT: cataract; GL: glaucoma; ON: optic neuritis; MP: macular pucker; VM: neovascular membranes; CRD: chorioretinal disease; MS: multiple sclerosis; PD: Parkinson disease; DM: diabetes mellitus; RD: renal diseases; HD: hepatic diseases.

Table 1: Inclusion and exclusion criteria for dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) patients.

PARAMETERS	LRRT (n = 11)	Control (n = 14)
Age (average)	71.5 ±3.8SD	80.4 ±2.3SD
Age (range)	62 - 84	73 - 79
Sex	F:4 M:7	F:7 M:7
BCVA T0	0.581 logMAR	0.573 logMAR
(average)
BCVA T0 (range)	0.301 - 1.0	0.0 - 1.0
BCVA T90 (average)	0.504 logMAR	0.587 logMAR
BCVA T90 (range)	0.222 - 1	0.0 - 1
BCVA T180 (average)	0.376 logMAR	0.601 logMAR
BCVA T180 (range)	0.046 - 0.699	0.0 - 1.0
Percentage	35.19	4.72
change
p value	<0.01	>0.5

Age in years; n=patients and controls; SD=standard deviation; F=female; M=male; BCVA= best corrected visual acuity in logMAR; T0=baseline before surgery autograft; T90=90 days post surgical autograft; T180=180 days post surgical autograft.

Table 2: Clinical profiles of patients examined in the study. Average values recorded before (T0), 90 (T90), and 180 (T180) days after cell autograft by Limoli Retinal Restoration Technique (LRRT) in all patients.

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Discussion

The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the suprachoroidal graft of adipocytes, ADSCs in SVF, and PRP could improve VA and retinal sensitivity in dry AMD-affected eyes over time. Another main objective was to demonstrate possible therapeutic effects of these cells, based on the recent literature, since several preclinical studies have suggested that GF-based therapy could be useful for patient care in several diseases.

In fact, some studies have shown that autologous human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) could represent a cellular source for the graft, aimed at retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) regeneration in tissue replacement therapy for AMD¹⁸^,¹⁹. These cell sheets are generated as a monolayer which could express typical RPE markers and exhibit polarized GF secretion, showing phagocytotic ability, as well as gene-expression patterns similar to those of native RPE¹⁸^,¹⁹. Upon transplantation, autologous non-human primate iPSC-RPE cell sheets showed neither immune rejection nor tumor formation¹⁸^,¹⁹.

The present study presents some different characteristics. We analyzed directly in dry AMD-affected human eyes whether the suprachoroidal autograft cell can improve visual performance.

Besides, sovrachoroidal graft of autologous cells according to LRRT has always proven to be safe. We have never registered sub-retinal neovascularization, macular edema, retinal detachment, or other retinal problems in the first-year post intervention. On the other hand, inappropriate surgical procedures can theoretically lead to perforation of the choroid with subsequent bleeding, but in our research no eye was damaged. However, it is possible to have sub-conjunctival hemorrhage that is usually reabsorbed within a few days and does not present again as a complication.

Recent studies have provided ample evidence of a significant increase in scotopic ERG values, BCVA and MY, at 90 and 180 days post autologous graft. However, the increase was greater if the retinal thickness average (RTA) recorded by SD-OCT was higher¹¹^,²⁶. It is believed that the surgically grafted cells can produce GFs in the surrounding tissue, choroid, and retina, and that they have neurotrophic and angiotrophic properties, such as basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), pigment-epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), interleukin (IL), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and placental growth factor (PlGF), while platelets produce platelet-derived grow factor (PDGF), platelet-derived angiogenesis factor (PDAF), etc.⁶^,⁷^,¹²^,¹³^,²¹

Graft placement near the choroid is believed to allow the produced GFs to enter the choroidal flow, to reach the endothelial cell receptors, RPEs, Muller cells, photoreceptors, and finally to interact with them. In LRRT, the autologous grafted elements are useful, each in their own way, for regeneration. The fat cells produce bFGF, epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), IL, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), PEDF, and adiponectin²¹. The ADSCs produce bFGF, VEGF, M-CSF, GM-CSF, PlGF, TGF-β, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), IGF-1, IL, and angiogenin⁶^,⁷. The platelets produce PDGF, IGF-1, TGF-β, VEGF, bFGF, EGF, PDAF, and thrombospondin (TSP)⁶^,¹².

Some factors promote endothelial regeneration, and some stimulate ADSC proliferation, thus favoring both autologous fat and adipocyte survival, while others inhibit neovascular processes²²^,²³^,²⁴. PEDF and bFGF favor photoreceptor survival, while EGF exerts its action on Müller cells by triggering endogenous bFGF transcription and stimulating ADSCs to increase their secretory activity²⁵^,²⁷. Though GFs are normally secreted by RPEs, this does not occur in atrophic maculopathy as a result of the RPE/choriocapillaris complex. Paracrine GF secretion by graft cells contributes to favoring photoreceptor and choriocapillaris survival²⁸. Moreover, M-CSF, GM-CSF, and IL have anti-inflammatory and chemotactic effects on macrophages, which are involved in the elimination of intraretinal cell debris, a function that is physiologically carried out by RPEs²⁹^,³⁰.

The cell types grafted behind the choroid can ensure constant GF secretion in the choroidal flow. GFs can arrive from the choroid to the retinal cells, interact with their membrane receptors, and finally activate an intracellular pathway. The presented data suggest that LRRT can increase choroidal perfusion and photoreceptor trophism not only through bFGF-receptor interactions, but also through stimulation by Müller cells, RPEs, and retinal photoreceptors. As a result, gene expression changes and the final antiapoptotic effect could explain the neuroenhancement. This cellular mechanism underlies the ability to increase visual performance, as highlighted in the clinical findings in the grafted group. In summary, LRRT could be useful to preserve the visual function of dry AMD-affected patients in the long term.

However, as we have demonstrated in previous studies, cone-rod ERG and rod ERG show a highly significant correlation with RTA, while this is not the case of cone ERG. This can be explained by the fact that fovea function appears to be compromised, although the macular volumes in dry AMD continues to be regular, at least in the initial stages²⁶. In this pathology, residual retinal trophism measured by RTA can be a prognostic criterion for LRRT treatment, since better outcomes are more frequent in patients with RTA equal to or greater than 250 µm²⁶. The available GF set could result in neuroenhancement, the extent of which is proportional to the presence of areas with greater cellularity, as recorded by electrical activity²⁶. At a later stage, poor tissue cellularity would not give the therapeutic effect that is sought after with the procedure, due to the scarce GF-membrane receptor interactions.

The next steps of this research will require the recruitment of a larger number of subjects with greater VA and central fixation by statistically assessing all the indispensable tests needed to confirm that the technique is valid and to study the biochemical effects. It can be argued that the increase in cell trophism is reflected in the cell visual activity, measured objectively by ERG, BCVA, and MY¹¹. GF-based therapy could provide an up-to-date, selective, safe, and reasonable treatment in ophthalmologic diseases.

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Disclosures

Presented at ARVO 2015, May 3-7 - Denver, CO - USA.

Acknowledgments

The authors have no acknowledgements.

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Blunt cannula, 3 mm.	Mentor, Santa Barbara, CA.
Luer-LokTM syringe.	BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ.
Regen-BCT tube.	RegenKit; RegenLab, Le Mont-sur-Lausanne, CH.
Centrifuge	RegenPRP Centri. RegenLab, Le Mont-sur-Lausanne, CH.
BD Venflon Pro Safety 22G x 1.00 inch (0.9 mm x 25 mm).	BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ.
SPSS Statistics Version 19.0	IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA.
Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope	Nidek Inc, Fremont, CA	Nidek F10
Cirrus 5000 Spectral Domain-Optical Coherence Tomography	Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany	SD-OCT
Maia 100809 Microperimetry	CenterVue S.p.A., Padua, Italy
Ocular electrophysiology electromedical system,	C.S.O., S.r.l., Scandicci, Italy		Retimax for ERG

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