Method Article

A High-content Assay for Monitoring AMPA Receptor Trafficking

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DOI:

10.3791/59048

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January 28th, 2019

 ,  , 
1Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University

* These authors contributed equally

In This Article

Summary

Neuronal excitability can be modulated through a dynamic process of endo- and exocytosis of excitatory ionotropic glutamate receptors. Described here is an accessible, high-content assay for quantifying surface and internal receptor population pools.

Abstract

Postsynaptic trafficking of receptors to and from the cell surface is an important mechanism by which neurons modulate their responsiveness to different stimuli. The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors, which are responsible for fast excitatory synaptic transmission in neurons, are trafficked to and from the postsynaptic surface to dynamically alter neuronal excitability. AMPA receptor trafficking is essential for synaptic plasticity and can be disrupted in neurological disease. However, prevalent approaches for quantifying receptor trafficking ignore entire receptor pools, are overly time- and labor-intensive, or potentially disrupt normal trafficking mechanisms and therefore complicate the interpretation of resulting data. We present a high-content assay for the quantification of both surface and internal AMPA receptor populations in cultured primary hippocampal neurons using dual fluorescent immunolabeling and a near-infrared fluorescent 96-well microplate scanner. This approach facilitates the rapid screening of bulk internalized and surface receptor densities while minimizing sample material. However, our method has limitations in obtaining single-cell resolution or conducting live cell imaging. Finally, this protocol may be amenable to other receptors and different cell types, provided proper adjustments and optimization.

Introduction

The magnitude and temporal dynamics of neuronal excitability is largely dependent on the availability and composition of surface receptor populations which transduce electrochemical signals. Whereas the synthesis of new receptors (or receptor subunits) is generally an energetically costly and relatively protracted process, a host of cellular machinery dedicated to the endo- and exocytosis of existing receptors provide a means for their fast insertion and removal to and from the membrane1. Therefore, in addition to the transcriptional and translational regulation of receptors, posttranslational receptor trafficking is an important modulator of neuronal excitability.

Synaptic plasticity, or the changing strength of connections between neurons with experience, is thought to form the basis of learning and memory2,3. The strengthening and weakening of synapses over time, termed long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), respectively, can be modulated through the trafficking of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors4,5. AMPA receptors are heterotetramers composed of four subunits (GluA1-4), and mediate the majority of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the brain6. Thus, neuron excitability is in large part a function of the quantity of AMPA receptors at the postsynaptic surface available to be activated by glutamate. LTD is commonly associated with an increase in AMPA receptor endocytosis, whereas LTP is predominantly associated with an increase in AMPA receptor exocytosis. Postsynaptic surface expression of AMPA receptors requires endosomal delivery to exocytotic proteins, where fusion with the plasma membrane then occurs in a calcium-dependent manner7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14. There also exist a host of mechanisms that regulate activity-dependent AMPA receptor endocytosis. One example of this is via the immediate early gene Arc/Arg3.1 (Arc). Among other functions15, Arc is known to mediate metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)-dependent LTD by promoting AMPA receptor endocytosis through its binding partners, which include the endocytic proteins AP-2, endophilin-3, and dynamin-216,17,18,19, at clathrin-coated pits20,21. Internalized AMPA receptors can either be recycled back to the plasma membrane or earmarked for degradation22,23.

Importantly, the subunit composition of AMPA receptors contributes to their trafficking dynamics24. Of major relevance is the intracellular C-terminal domain of the subunits, where the majority of posttranslational modifications and trafficking-related protein interactions occur. GluA1 and GluA4 subunit-containing AMPA receptors are particularly apt to being trafficked to the cell surface during LTP, in part due to the presence of their PDZ ligands, ~90 amino acid sequences that promote membrane anchoring via interactions with various PDZ domain-containing proteins25,26. On the other hand, AMPA receptors containing GluA2 and lacking GluA1 or GluA4 tend to be trafficked constitutively but accumulate intracellularly with synaptic activity27. GluA2 subunits undergo RNA editing which, in addition to promoting retention in the endoplasmic reticulum28, renders the channel pore impermeable to calcium29, further implicating subunit-specific trafficking as a key mediator of neuronal homeostasis and plasticity. Interestingly, disruption of ubiquitin-dependent Arc degradation has been shown to increase GluA1 endocytosis and increase the surface expression of GluA2 subunit-containing AMPA receptors after induction of mGluR-LTD with the selective group I mGluR agonist (S)-3,5-Dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG), indicating that much remains to be learned regarding the mechanisms and role of subunit-specific AMPA receptor trafficking30.

Methods for observing changes in surface expression of receptors are often cumbersome, time consuming, or introduce unnecessary confounds. Biotin-based assays are a pervasive and commercially available approach. Affinity purification of biotinylated surface receptors represents one such example, however the necessity of performing electrophoresis requires a large amount of sample material and can render the screening of multiple treatments a prohibitively lengthy process31. Extensions of this assay, where multiple time points of labeling and immunoprecipitations are performed to quantify the gradual degradation of an initial signal, similarly neglect the addition of new — or recycled — receptors to the cell surface and only exacerbate the time and material requirements.

Other approaches make use of chimeric constructs or the addition of fluorescent tags to observe receptor trafficking32, sometimes using live cell imaging33,34. While potentially powerful, these designs can affect the normal trafficking patterns of receptors due to the mutations or dramatic changes in molecular weight introduced in these proteins. The use of dyes that label subcellular compartments by targeting low pH34,35 are non-specific and make distinguishing between different intracellular compartments important for receptor trafficking (e.g. lysosomes and proteasomes) difficult. Finally, the use of confocal microscopy to visualize the colocalization of receptors with markers associated with trafficking and degradation, such as endosomal proteins or clathrin, while potentially providing useful insight into specific localization with subcellular resolution, are time, labor-intensive, and costly due to the necessity of individually analyzing each cell and the requirement of confocal or super-resolution microscopy.

Here, we demonstrate a high-content receptor trafficking assay that is compatible with primary neuronal culture preparations30. This method separately labels the surface and intracellular receptor pools of fixed neurons, enabling the presentation of data as a ratio of normalized surface or internalized receptor density to the overall density for that receptor. The high-content nature of this method is ideal for screening multiple treatments and/or genotypes in a short time frame, and requires only standard cell culturing and antibody incubation expertise.

Briefly, primary neurons are grown in standard 96-well microplates and then treated as dictated by experimental design, incubated with primary antibodies, washed, and fixed. Cells are then incubated with a secondary antibody to label surface receptors, followed by another fixation step. Permeabilization then occurs and a second secondary antibody is used to label internal receptor pools. Finally, cells are imaged using an infrared fluorescent microplate scanner to quantify the integrated density of each receptor population. Figure 1 summarizes our high-content assay in comparison to a traditional biotinylation assay.

While the protocol offered here is optimized and specific for AMPA receptor trafficking in primary hippocampal neuron cultures, this procedure could, in theory, be extended and adapted for different receptors in a variety of cell types.

Protocol

All methods described here have been approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at Georgia State University.

1. Preparation of Primary Hippocampal Neurons (in Laminar Flow Hood)

  1. Isolate primary hippocampal neurons from mixed sex postnatal day (P) 0-1 mice as previously described36.
  2. Plate neurons in 96-well poly-D-lysine coated microplates at a density of 2 x 104 cells per well.
  3. Prepare media for feeding the neurons by adding 10 mL of 50x B-27, 5 mL of 100x Glutamine, 242 µL of 10 mg/mL 5-Fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (FUDR) and 10 µL of 10 mg/mL Gentamycin to 485 mL of neuronal media (see Table of Materials).
  4. Feed neurons as previously described36 by removing half (100 µL) of the pre-existing media (referred to as conditioned media, which contains constituents that support neuronal survival) from each well and replacing with 100 µL of 37 °C prewarmed media prepared in step 1.3 every 3-4 days. Store the conditioned media from each feeding at 4˚C for step 2.3.

2. Measuring AMPA Receptor Trafficking in Response to DHPG (in Laminar Flow Hood)

  1. At Day In Vitro (DIV) 14, prepare a 500 µL stock solution of Tetrodotoxin (TTX) at a concentration of 2 mM using cell culture grade water.
    CAUTION: TTX is a neurotoxin. Handle carefully and avoid contact with skin.
  2. Using a multi-channel pipette, remove 100 µL from each well of the 96-well microplate of neurons and pool the media.
  3. Add 2 µL of the TTX stock solution to 1 mL of the pooled conditioned media from step 2.2 to create a 4 µM solution of TTX. If there is not enough pooled conditioned media, then use some of the stored conditioned media from Step 1.4.
  4. Treat neurons with 100 µL/well of the 4 µM solution of TTX from step 2.3. Place the microplate in a 5% CO2 incubator at 37 °C for 4 h.
  5. Attach a sterile glass Pasteur pipette to a suction line and attach a sterile 200 µL pipette end to the tip of the pipette. Remove the media from each well carefully. Avoid touching the bottom of the microplate where the neurons are located.
  6. Add 200 µL of room temperature neuronal media to each well.
  7. Incubate the microplate at room temperature for 15 min. Incubation in 5% CO2 is preferred but not necessary.

3. Immunolabelling (in Laminar Flow Hood)

  1. Prepare a 1:150 dilution of the anti-GluA1 or anti-GluA2 antibody in neuronal media.
  2. Remove the neuronal media added in Step 2.6. Add 50 µL of the anti-GluA1 or anti-GluA2 antibody solutions to corresponding wells for 20 min at room temperature to allow antibody binding. Add 50 µL of neuronal media to the secondary antibody only control wells.
  3. Remove the antibody solutions added in step 3.2. Wash the microplate 3 times with 100 µL/well room temperature neuronal media to remove any unbound antibodies.
  4. Make a 50 mM stock solution of DHPG in neuronal media or cell culture grade water. Vortex the solution briefly to fully dissolve the DHPG. Prepare this solution fresh on the same day of the experiment. Avoid using old or thawed solutions.
  5. Dilute the stock solution in neuronal media to 1:500 to make a 100 µM solution.
  6. Remove the existing media from each well. Add 100 µL/well of the 100 µM DHPG stock solution from Step 3.5. Incubate the microplate in the incubator at 37 °C in 5% CO2 for 10 min.
  7. Remove the DHPG solution added in step 3.6 and add 100 µL/well neuronal media. Repeat this step one more time. Place the microplate in the incubator at 37 °C in 5% CO2 for 5 min.
  8. Add the sucrose to make the 4% paraformaldehyde/4% sucrose solution in PBS on the same day of the experiment. Avoid using old or thawed solutions. Remove the media added in step 3.7. Add 100 µL/well of 4% paraformaldehyde/4% sucrose solution. Repeat steps 3.6 – 3.8 for each additional time-point. Once complete, incubate the microplate at 4 °C for 20 min.
    CAUTION: Handle paraformaldehyde stocks in a fume hood.
  9. Remove fixative from step 3.8 and add 100 µL/well of cold 1x DPBS.
  10. Remove DPBS . Add 150 µL/well blocking buffer (a ready-to-use formulation in TBS, refer to Table of Materials) and incubate at room temperature for 90 min. Alternatively, incubate overnight at 4 °C.

4. Labelling Surface Receptors

  1. Prepare a 1:1500 dilution of 680RD Goat anti-Mouse IgG secondary antibody in blocking buffer.
  2. Remove blocking buffer from step 3.10. Add 50 µL/well of the secondary antibody solution and incubate at room temperature for 60 min. Keep the microplate protected from light once the secondary antibodies are added. Make sure to continue to protect the microplate from light during subsequent incubations.
  3. Remove the solution from step 4.2. Add 100 µL/well TBS (50 mM Tris-HCl, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.6) and incubate at room temperature for 5 min. Repeat this step 4 additional times.
  4. Remove TBS from step 4.3. Add 100 µL/well of 4% paraformaldehyde/4% sucrose in PBS and incubate at room temperature for 15 min.
  5. Remove solution from step 4.4. Add 100 µL/well TBS and incubate at room temperature for 5 min. Repeat this step 2 additional times.

5. Labelling the Internalized Receptor Population

  1. Prepare TBS containing 0.2% saponin. Vortex the solution briefly to fully dissolve the saponin powder. Filter the solution using a 0.2 µm filter to remove any particles that could cause auto-fluorescence.
  2. Add 150 µL TBS containing 0.2% saponin and incubate at room temperature for 15 min.
  3. Remove saponin solution from step 5.2 and add 150 µL/well blocking buffer. Incubate at room temperature for 90 min.
  4. Prepare a 1:1500 dilution of 800CW Donkey anti-Mouse IgG secondary antibody in blocking buffer.
  5. Remove blocking buffer from step 5.3 and add 50 µL/well of the secondary antibody solution. Incubate at room temperature for 60 min.
  6. Add 100 µL/well TBS and incubate at room temperature for 5 min. Repeat this step 4 additional times.

6. Imaging and Analysis

  1. Image the 96-well microplate using an infrared laser imaging system according to manufacturer’s instructions. Set the scan resolution to 84 µm, the scan quality to medium and the focus offset according to the base height of the 96-well microplate used. Click on the "Image Studio" menu button → Export → Image for Digital Media → Export images at a resolution of 300 dpi, in TIFF format.
  2. Download Image J "Fiji" at https://imagej.net/Fiji/Downloads
  3. Open image in Image J "Fiji". Split color channels by clicking on the "Image" menu
    Color → Split Channels.
  4. Open the ROI manager from "Analyze" → "Tools". Check the box "labels" in the ROI manager to label the circles with numbers.
  5. In the red channel (the 680 nm surface receptor pool), select the Region of Interest (ROI) by selecting the circle tool and drawing a circle that accurately fits the first well. Press Ctrl+T. 
  6. Drag the circle to the next well and press Ctrl+T. Repeat until all wells are circled.
  7. From the ROI manager, click "Measure". Select the values that appear and copy them to a spreadsheet.
  8. Click on the green channel (the 800 nm internal receptor pool) and then transpose the selected ROIs from step 6.6 to the image. From the ROI manager, click “Measure”. Select the values that appear and copy them to a spreadsheet.
  9. Calculate the average integrated density values from the secondary only control wells. Subtract the integrated density values for each experimental well from the average secondary only control integrated density values for the surface receptor pool. Repeat this step for the internal receptor pool.
  10. Calculate changes in surface receptor expression using Rs/Rt, where Rs represents the integrated density of surface receptors and Rt represents the integrated density of surface receptors + integrated density of internal receptors.

Results

Arc/Arg3.1 accelerates AMPA receptor endocytosis through interaction with AP-2, endophilin-3 and dynamin-216,18 following mGluR activation37. In the Arc knock-in mouse (ArcKR), lysines 268 and 269 in the Arc protein are mutated to arginine, which interferes with Arc ubiquitination. This impairs proteasome-dependent turnover of Arc and prolongs its half-life in neurons21,30. In this experiment, the persistence of Arc in regulating AMPA receptor trafficking was examined using the high-content AMPA receptor trafficking assay. Neurons were treated with the Na+ channel blocker TTX, which inhibits action potentials and reduces Arc levels38, followed by DHPG, which induces Arc translation and ubiquitination37,39. Both surface and internalized pools of GluA1- (Figure 2A) and GluA2-containing (Figure 3A) AMPA receptor subunits were measured at 5 and 15 min after DHPG washout. This particular experiment used three technical replicates from 3 independent experiments. ArcKR neurons showed increased GluA1 endocytosis when treated with DHPG compared to WT neurons, an effect that was not seen when neurons were treated with TTX only (Figure 2B). Surface expression of GluA2 subunits was significantly increased at short time points compared to WT neurons (Figure 3B), indicating a potential subunit replacement30. Some wells were treated with secondary antibodies only to control for background fluorescence caused by nonspecific binding.

High-content assay vs. biotinylation; diagram; neuron harvesting; plate scanning; protein quantification.
Figure 1: Comparison of the AMPA receptor high-content trafficking assay to the receptor biotinylation assay. The high-content trafficking assay consumes less time and resources compared to the standard biotinylation assay. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

sGluA1/iGluA1 colocalization assay, immunofluorescence, bar graph of surface expression, WT vs ArcKR.
Figure 2: Surface and internal populations of GluA1 AMPA receptor subunits in WT and ArcKR hippocampal neurons. (A) Surface (sGluA1) and internalized (iGluA1) GluA1-containing AMPA receptor subunits in WT and ArcKR hippocampal neurons at 5 and 15 min after DHPG washout. Compared to WT, ArcKR neurons have a further decrease in the sGluA1-containing AMPA receptor pool 5 and 15 min after DHPG washout. (B) Graph represents surface fluorescence normalized to the total fluorescence intensity. Statistical comparisons were carried out using a one-way ANOVA, paired and unpaired Student's t tests. *p ≤ 0.05; n = 3 technical replicates from 3 independent experiments. Values represent mean ± SEM. This figure has been modified from Wall, M. J. et al. 201830. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Confocal microscopy results of sGluA2, iGluA2 with TTX, DHPG; bar graph shows surface/total ratio.
Figure 3: Surface and internal populations of GluA2 AMPA receptor subunits in WT and ArcKR hippocampal neurons. (A) The same experimental condition as Figure 2. Compared to WT, ArcKR neurons have an increase in the sGluA2-containing AMPA receptor pool 5 min after DHPG washout. (B) Graph represents surface fluorescence normalized to the total fluorescence intensity. Statistical comparisons were carried out using one-way ANOVA, paired and unpaired Student's t tests. *p ≤ 0.05; n = 3 technical replicates from 3 independent experiments. Values represent mean ± SEM. This figure has been modified from Wall, M. J. et al. 201830. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Discussion

AMPA receptors are an ionotropic glutamate receptor subtype that is integral for neuronal functions which include synapse formation, synapse stability, and synaptic plasticity. AMPA receptor disruption is linked to multiple neurological disorders24 and are considered attractive drug targets40. For example, studies have shown that one of the earliest signs of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is synapse loss and reduced synaptic AMPA receptor levels41,42. Intriguingly, addition of Amyloid-ß oligomers impairs surface GluA1-containing AMPA receptor expression at synapses43. Further, status epilepticus down-regulates GluA2 mRNA and protein in hippocampal neurons preceding their death44. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), TAR DNA-binding protein (TDP-43) pathology, an ALS-specific molecular abnormality, has been linked to inefficient GluA2 Q/R site-RNA editing45.

The high-content AMPA receptor trafficking assay provides an effective means for measuring bulk changes in receptor trafficking profiles within a neuronal network in response to various factors, consuming much less time and materials than alternative methods. A single 96-well microplate provides numerous wells to run multiple technical replicates and controls for different experimental conditions in the same plate. The low plating density of 2 x 104 cells/well relative to the 5 x 105 cells/well density significantly reduces the number of animals and materials required for each experiment (Figure 1). The infrared scanner can image up to six 96-well microplates at a time. The assay can also be modified to a 384-well microplate46, which becomes specifically valuable if the assay is run on precious samples that are difficult to obtain or are expensive to culture (e.g. human samples and induced pluripotent stem cells). The entire assay can be completed and analyzed on the same day, which saves valuable time (Figure 1).

For successful and efficient completion of the assay, some points need to be considered. First, it is important to prepare the DHPG solution on the same day of neuron treatment. Do not reuse or freeze DHPG stocks. The 4% paraformaldehyde/4% sucrose in PBS solution should also be made fresh on the same day of the experiment. Second, control wells treated with TTX only or vehicle are required to ensure that the effects observed are specific to treatment. It is also critical to include wells treated with only the secondary antibodies to control for background fluorescence produced by non-specific binding. Note that the second fixation step (following washout of secondary antibodies) is key to reducing secondary antibody background effects and achieving effective labelling of receptor subunits.

Compromises and limitations, as with any method, exist. This assay does not provide single-cell (or subcellular) resolution and does not allow for real-time tracking of receptor trafficking like other methods32,33,35. Additionally, proper care must be taken during the permeabilization step of neurons, as this method will be sensitive to the leaking of intracellular components in the case of over-permeabilization.

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

We thank Zachary Allen for technical assistance. This work was supported by the Whitehall Foundation (Grant 2017-05-35) and Cleon C. Arrington Research Initiation Grant Program (RIG-93) to A.M.M. M.A.G. and D.W.Y. were both supported by a Georgia State University Neurogenomics 2CI Fellowship.

Materials

List of materials used in this article
NameCompanyCatalog NumberComments
Mouse monoclonal (RH95) anti-GluA1 N-terminalEMD MilliporeCat#MAB2263MI, RRID: AB_11212678, LOT#2869732
Mouse monoclonal (6C4) anti-GluA2ThermoFisher ScientificCat#32-0300, RRID: AB_2533058, LOT#TE268315
IRDye 680RD Goat anti-Mouse IgG (H+L)Li-COR BiosciencesCat# 926-68070, RRID: AB_10956588, LOT#C60107-03
IRDye 800CW Donkey anti-Mouse IgG (H+L)Li-COR BiosciencesCat# 926-32212, RRID: AB_621847, LOT#C60524-15
(RS)-3,5-DHPGTocris Bio-TechneCat#0342
Tetrodotoxin Citrate (TTX)Tocris Bio-TechneCat#1069
Poly-D-Lysine Hydrobromide (PDL)Sigma-AldrichCat#P7280-5X5MG
SaponinACROS OrganicsCat# 419231000
B-27 Supplement (50x), Serum FreeGibcoCat#17504044
Glutamax SupplementGibcoCat#35050061
5-Fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (FUDR)Sigma-AldrichCat#F0503
Gentamycin (10 mg/mL)GibcoCat#15710064
Paraformaldehyde, EM Grade, PurifiedElectron Microscopy SciencesCat#19210
Sucrose (EP/BP/NF)FisherScientificCat#S2500GM
Odyssey Blocking Buffer (TBS)Li-CORCat#927-50003Refered to as "Blocking Buffer" in the protocol
Cell Culture Grade WaterHyCloneCat#SH30529.02
DPBS, no calcium, no magnesiumGibcoCat#14190250
Neurobasal Medium, minus phenol redGibcoCat#12348017Referred to as "neuronal Media" in the protocol
28 mm Diameter Syringe Filters, 0.2 µm Pore SFCA Membrane, SterileCorningCat#431219
96-well Black/Clear and White/Clear Bottom Polystyrene MicroplatesCorningCat#3603
ImageJNIHhttps://imagej.nih.gov/ij/ ; RRID: SCR_003070
FIJI (Fiji is Just ImageJ)NIHhttp://fiji.sc/ ; RRID: SCR_002285
Odyssey CLx imaging systemLi-COR Biosciences

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