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Method Article

In Vivo Augmentation of Gut-Homing Regulatory T Cell Induction

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DOI:

10.3791/60585

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January 22nd, 2020

 ,  ,  ,  , 
1Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 2Zhengzhou University, 3Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, 4Jinan Infectious Disease Hospital, Shandong University

In This Article

Summary

Here we present a protocol for in vivo augmentation of gut-homing regulatory T cell induction. In this protocol, dendritic cells are engineered to locally produce high concentrations of the active vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D or 1,25[OH]2D) and the active vitamin A (retinoic acid or RA) de novo.

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an inflammatory chronic disease in the gastrointestinal tract (GUT). In the United States, there are approximately 1.4 million IBD patients. It is generally accepted that a dysregulated immune response to gut bacteria initiates the disease and disrupts the mucosal epithelial barrier. We recently show that gut-homing regulatory T (Treg) cells are a promising therapy for IBD. Accordingly, this article presents a protocol for in vivo augmentation of gut-homing Treg cell induction. In this protocol, dendritic cells are engineered to produce locally high concentrations of two molecules de novo, active vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D or 1,25[OH]2D) and active vitamin A (retinoic acid or RA). We chose 1,25(OH)2D and RA based on previous findings showing that 1,25(OH)2D can induce the expression of regulatory molecules (e.g., forkhead box P3 and interleukin-10) and that RA can stimulate the expression of gut-homing receptors in T cells. To generate such engineered dendritic cells, we use a lentiviral vector to transduce dendritic cells to overexpress two genes. One gene is the cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily B member 1 that encodes 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1α-hydroxylase, which physiologically catalyzes the synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D. The other gene is the aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A2 that encodes retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2, which physiologically catalyzes the synthesis of RA. This protocol can be used for future investigation of gut-homing Treg cells in vivo.

Introduction

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an inflammatory chronic disease in the gastrointestinal tract (GUT). In the United States, there are approximately 1.4 million IBD patients. It is generally accepted that a dysregulated immune response to gut bacteria initiates the disease and disrupts the mucosal epithelial barrier1,2. For this reason, currently available U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs inhibit the functions of inflammatory mediators or block the homing of immune cells into the gut. However, the inflammatory mediators and immune cells that are targeted are also necessary for immune defenses. As a result, the inflammatory mediator inhibitors compromise systemic immune defense and the immune cell homing blockers weaken gut immune defense, both of which can lead to severe consequences3,4. In addition, the immune cell homing blockers can also block the homing of regulatory T (Treg) cells into the gut and hence can worsen the already compromised gut immune tolerance in IBD patients. Furthermore, blocking of Treg cell homing into the gut may also lead to systemic immune suppression due to the accumulation of Treg cells in the blood5. Finally, inhibitors and blockers function transiently and, thereby, require frequent administrations. Frequent administration of these inhibitors and blockers may further exacerbate the untoward side effects.

Recently, we proposed a novel strategy that can potentially mitigate or even eliminate the side effects associated with current drugs for IBD treatment6. This strategy augments the induction of gut-homing Treg cells in peripheral lymphoid tissues6. The rationale of this strategy is that gut-homing Treg cells specifically home to the gut and hence will not compromise systemic immune defenses. In addition, since Treg cells can potentially form memory7,8, gut-homing Treg cells can potentially provide a stable control of the chronic gut inflammation in IBD patients and, thereby, treatment should not need to be administered as frequently. Furthermore, since this strategy augments the induction of gut-homing Treg cells in vivo, it does not have the concern of in vivo instability in a highly proinflammatory environment that is associated with adoptive transfer of in vitro generated Treg cells9,10. In this regard, in vitro generated Treg cells are one of the proposed strategies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases11,12,13 and transplant rejection14,15. Finally, in this strategy, dendritic cells (DCs) are engineered to produce locally high concentrations of two molecules de novo: active vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D or 1,25[OH]2D) and active vitamin A (retinoic acid or RA). We chose 1,25(OH)2D and RA because 1,25(OH)2D can induce the expression of regulatory molecules (e.g., forkhead box P3 [foxp3] and interleukin-10 [IL-10])16,17 and that RA can stimulate the expression of gut-homing receptors in T cells18. Because both 1,25(OH)2D and RA can also tolerize DCs28,29, we reason that the engineered DCs will be stably maintained in a tolerogenic status in vivo and hence circumvent the in vivo instability concerns that are associated with in vitro generated tolerogenic DCs (TolDCs)19,20,21. In this respect, TolDCs are also one of the proposed strategies for in vivo augmentation of Treg cell functions19,20,21. To support our reasoning, we have shown that the engineered DCs, upon in vivo delivery, can augment the induction of gut-homing Treg cells in peripheral lymphoid tissues6.

An additional advantage of our proposed strategy is that 1,25(OH)2D also has other functions that can potentially benefit IBD patients. These other functions include the ability of 1,25(OH)2D to stimulate the secretion of antimicrobials22 and to suppresses carcinogenesis23. Infections and cancers are frequently associated with IBD24,25.

To generate the DCs that can produce locally high concentrations of both 1,25(OH)2D and RA de novo, we use a lentiviral vector to engineer DCs to overexpress two genes. One gene is the cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily B member 1 (CYP27B1) that encodes 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1α-hydroxylase (1α-hydroxylase), which physiologically catalyzes the synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D. The other gene is the aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A2 (ALDH1a2) that encodes retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (RALDH2), which physiologically catalyzes the synthesis of RA6.

Because in vivo augmentation of gut-homing Treg cell induction is potentially important in the treatment of IBD, in the following protocol we will detail the procedures for the generation of the 1α-hydroxylase-RALDH2-overexpressing DCs (DC-CYP-ALDH cells) that can be used for the future investigation of gut-homing Treg cells in vivo.

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Protocol

All in vivo animal study protocols were reviewed and approved by the Loma Linda University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) as well as the Animal Care and Use Review Office (ACURO) of the US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC) of the Department of Defense.

1. Preparation of the Lentivirus that Expresses both 1α-hydroxylase and RALDH2 (lenti-CYP-ALDH Virus)

  1. Day 0: In the early morning, prepare 5 x 105 cells/mL of 293T cells in the CM-10-D cell culture medium.
  2. Seed 20 mL/plate in 150 mm x 25 mm culture dishes. Culture the cells at 37 °C and 5% CO2 for 24 h. Confluency will reach ~80–90% after 24 h.
  3. Day 1: Make 2x HBS (50 mM HEPES, 280 mM NaCl, and 1.5 mM Na2HPO4, pH 7.1). Aliquot and store at -20 °C.
  4. Make 2 M CaCl2 and store at room temperature.
  5. For each 150 mm x 25 mm culture dish, prepare a DNA precipitation mixture in a sterile 50 mL culture tube. First, add 1,620 µL of 2x HBS, 9.5 µg of PMD2G (VSVG), 17.5 µg of pCMVR8.74 (Capsid), 27 µg of Lenti-CYP-ALDH plasmid (a lentiviral vector that carries both CYP27B1 and ALDH1a2). Second, add H2O to a final volume of 3,037.5 µL.
  6. In the last, add 202.5 µL of 2 M CaCl2 dropwise while mixing the solution to final concentrations of 1x HBS and 125 mM CaCl2. CaCl2 must be the last to be added. Leave the transfection mixtures at room temperature for 20 min with occasional mixing. For multiple 150 mm x 25 mm culture dishes, scale up accordingly.
  7. Add the 3,240 µL of DNA precipitation mixture dropwise to one 150 mm x 25 mm culture dish containing the 293T cells. Gently swirl the culture dish side to side while adding the DNA precipitation mixture. Incubate the dish at 37 °C and 5% CO2 for 24 h.
  8. Day 2: Remove the calcium phosphate transfection solution, wash gently with 1x PBS, and refeed the cell culture with CM-4-D cell culture medium. Incubate the cells at 37 °C and 5% CO2 for 24 h.
  9. Day 3: Harvest the supernatants in sterile storage bottles and store at 4–8 °C. Replenish the cell culture with fresh CM-4-D cell culture medium. Culture the cells at 37 °C and 5% CO2 for another 24 h.
  10. Day 4: Harvest the supernatants into sterile storage bottles. Filter the supernatants from Day 3 and Day 4 through a 0.45 µm filter. To concentrate the VSVG pseudotype virus, transfer the supernatants into centrifuge tubes and spin at 4,780 x g for 24 h at 4 °C.
  11. Day 5: Pour the supernatants off the pellets (the pellet is often visible) and allow the tubes to drain on a paper towel in a sterile biosafety cabinet for several minutes.
  12. Resuspend the pellets by pipetting with sterile PBS containing 5% glycerol. The volume for resuspension will be 33.3 µL per 150 mm x 25 mm culture dish.
  13. Aliquot 200 µL/tube and store at -80 °C. Make a separate aliquot of 50 µL/vial for titration purposes. Titers should be within the range of 108–109 transducing units (TUs)/mL.
  14. Add bleach into the culture dishes and discard them.
    NOTE: These transfected cells are the biggest safety concern in the protocol since all lentiviral elements are expressed in the cells.

2. Generation of Bone Marrow Derived DCs (BMDCs)

  1. Harvest tibias and femurs from 4–5 Balb/c mice into a 50 mL sterile polypropylene tube containing the culture medium6.
  2. Transfer the tibias and femurs into a 100 mm x 20 mm culture dish containing the culture medium. Remove tissues such as muscles from the tibias and femurs using dissecting scissors and forceps.
  3. Cut both ends of the tibias and femurs to expose the bone marrow cavity.
  4. Draw 10 mL culture medium in a 10 mL syringe attached to a 30 G needle.
  5. Carefully insert the needle into the bone marrow cavity and flush the bone marrow into a clean 50 mL sterile polypropylene tube. Repeat this procedure if necessary, to ensure that the bone marrow has been completely flushed out.
  6. Pellet the bone marrow cells by centrifugation (400 x g) at 2–8 °C for 5 min. Aspirate the supernatant.
  7. Resuspend the pellet with 5 mL of 1x red blood cell lysis buffer.
  8. Incubate the cells at room temperature for 4–5 min with occasional shaking.
  9. Stop the reaction by adding 30 mL of culture medium.
  10. Pellet the cells by centrifugation (400 x g) at 2–8 °C for 5 min. Resuspend the cells in 10 mL of CM-10-R cell culture medium. If needed, the cells can be passed through a 40 µm cell strainer to remove debris.
  11. Perform a cell count and adjust the cells to 1 x 106 cells/mL using CM-10-R cell culture medium.
  12. Add recombinant murine granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF, final concentration = 100 U/mL) and murine interleukin-4 (IL-4, final concentration = 10 U/mL).
    NOTE: The stock solutions of GM-CSF and IL-4 are stored at -80 °C at 100,000 U/mL (1,000x) and 10,000 U/mL (1,000x), respectively.
  13. Distribute the cells into 6 well culture plates at 4 mL/well and culture the cells at 37 °C and 5% CO2 for 48 h.
  14. Remove nonadherent cells with gentle pipetting.
  15. Add fresh CM-10-R cell culture medium containing the GM-CSF (100 U/mL) and IL-4 (10 U/mL). Culture the cells for another 48 h.
  16. Harvest nonadherent cells (BMDCs) for transduction by the lenti-CYP-ALDH virus.

3. Transduction of DCs with lenti-CYP-ALDH Virus to Generate DC-CYP-ALDH Cells

  1. Prepare 1 x 106 DCs/well in a total volume of 0.5 mL of CM-10-R cell culture medium containing 50 µL of virus and 8 µg/mL protamine in a 6 well culture plate.
  2. Culture the cells at 37 °C and 5% CO2 for 24 h.
  3. Replace the medium with fresh CM-10-R cell culture medium and culture the cells at 37 °C and 5% CO2 for another 24 h. At this time point, the enzymatic activities of 1α-hydroxylase and RALDH2 can be evaluated (see step 4). If necessary, repeat steps 3.1–3.3 for a second transduction.
  4. Add lipopolysaccharide (100 ng/mL) and culture the cells for 24 h.
  5. Harvest the cells (DC-CYP-ALDH cells) for experiments.

4. Evaluation of the Overexpressed 1α-hydroxylase and RALDH2 in DC-CYP-ALDH Cells

  1. Evaluation of the overexpressed 1α-hydroxylase in DC-CYP-ALDH cells
    1. Seed 1.0 x 106 DC-CYP-ALDH cells/well in 2 mL of CM-10-R cell culture medium into 12 well culture plates.
    2. Add 25(OH)D to the final concentration of 2.5 μM. Incubate the DC-CYP-ALDH cells for 24 h.
    3. Harvest the supernatants and store at -20 °C.
    4. Assay for 1,25(OH)2D concentrations in the supernatants using a commercially available radioimmunoassay (RIA) (see Table of Materials).
    5. Determine the expression of 1α-hydroxylase in DC-CYP-ALDH cells by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) using an anti-CYP27B1 antibody.
  2. Evaluation of the overexpressed RALDH2 in DC-CYP-ALDH cells
    NOTE: The expression and activity of the overexpressed RALDH2 are determined using a commercial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) detection kit (see Table of Materials).
    1. Seed 1 mL of DC-CYP-ALDH or control cells (1 x 105 cells/mL in assay buffer) in each of two 5 mL tubes (one labeled as "Control" and the other labeled as "Test").
    2. Add 10 µL of diethylaminobenzaldehyde (DEAB) solution (1.5 mM in 95% ethanol) to each of the control tubes and mix immediately. DEAB is a RALDH2 inhibitor.
    3. Add 5 µL of activated RALDH fluorescence substrate (300 µM) to the Control and Test tubes and mix immediately.
    4. Incubate the tubes for 45 min.
    5. Pellet the cells by centrifugation at 400 x g at 2–8 °C for 5 min. Aspirate the supernatants.
    6. Reconstitute the cells in 200 µL of assay buffer.
    7. Keep the cells on ice and proceed for analysis by FACS.

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Results

DC-CYP-ALDH cells expressed significantly increased amount of 1α-hydroxylase. To determine whether DC-CYP-ALDH cells generated from BMDCs expressed a significantly increased amount of 1α-hydroxylase, BMDCs were transduced with the lenti-CYP-ALDH virus to produce bone-marrow-derived DC-CYP-ALDH cells (BMDC-CYP-ALDH cells). Subsequently, the BMDC-CYP-ALDH cells were examined for the expression of 1α-hydroxylase by FACS. Our data showed that the BMDC-CYP-ALDH cells, when compared to the parental BMDCs, disp...

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Discussion

In this article we describe the use of DC-CYP-ALDH cells, for augmenting the induction of gut-homing Treg cells in peripheral lymphoid tissues. Our data have shown that the DC-CYP-ALDH cells can synthesize locally high concentrations de novo of both 1,25(OH)2D and RA in vitro in the presence of corresponding substrates (i.e., 25[OH]D and retinol, respectively). Because sufficient blood concentrations of 25(OH)D and retinol can be easily achieved through vitamin D and A supplementations respectively in patients...

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Disclosures

Drs. Xiaolei Tang and David J. Baylink are inventors of a pending patent related to this study.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs through the Peer Reviewed Medical Research Program under Award No. W81XWH-15-1-0240 (XT). Opinions, interpretations, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the author and are not necessarily endorsed by the Department of Defense. This work was also partially supported by Research Innovation Grants from the Department of Medicine at Loma Linda University (681207-2967 [XT and GG], 681205-2967 [XT], and 325491 [DJB]).

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Materials

List of materials used in this article
NameCompanyCatalog NumberComments
10 mL syringesThermoFisher ScientificCat# 03-377-23
100 mm x 20 mm culture dishesSigma-AldrichCat# CLS430167
12-well culture platesThermoFisher ScientificCat# 07-200-82
150 mm x 25 mm culture dishesSigma-AldrichCat# CLS430559
25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25[OH]D)Sigma-AldrichCat# H4014
293T cellsATCCCRL-3216
2-mercaptoethanolThermoFisher ScientificCat#: 21985023
6-well culture platesThermoFisher ScientificCat# 07-200-83
ALDEFLUOR kitStemcell TechnologiesCat# 01700
Anti-CYP27B1AbcamCat# ab95047
BD FACSAria IIBD BiosciencesN/A
CaCl2Sigma-AldrichCat# C1016
CM-10-D cell culture mediumDMEM medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 U/ml penicillin/streptomycin, 0.055 mM 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME), 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 0.1 mM nonessential amino acid, and 2 mM L-glutamine.
CM-10-R cell culture mediumRPMI 1640 medium (no glutamine) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 U/ml penicillin/streptomycin, 0.055 mM 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME), 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 0.1 mM nonessential amino acid, and 2 mM L-glutamine.
CM-4-D cell culture mediumDMEM medium containing 4% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 U/ml penicillin/streptomycin, 0.055 mM 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME), 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 0.1 mM nonessential amino acid, and 2 mM L-glutamine.
Corning bottle-top vacuum filters, 0.22 mM, 500 mLSigma-AldrichCat# CLS430513
Corning bottle-top vacuum filters, 0.45 mM, 500 mLSigma-AldrichCat# CLS430514
Dissecting scissorThermoFisher ScientificCat# 08-940
DMEM mediumThermoFisher ScientificCat# 11960044
Fetal bovine serumThermoFisher ScientificCat# 16000044
ForcepsThermoFisher ScientificCat# 22-327379
Gibco ACK lysing bufferThermoFisher ScientificCat# A1049201
GlycerolSigma-AldrichCat# G5516
Goat anti-rabbit IgGAbcamCat# ab205718
HEPESMilliporeCat# 391340
Lenti-CYP-ALDHCustom-made1.6-kb mouse CYP27B1 and ALDH1a2 cDNAs were amplified by PCR using a plasmid containing the CYP27B1 cDNA and a plasmid containing the ALDH1a2 cDNA respectively (GeneCopoeia). The amplified CYP27B1 cDNA fragment with a 5' KOZAK ribosome entry sequence was cloned into the pRRL-SIN.cPPt.PGKGFP.WPRE lentiviral vector (Addgene). The resulting construct was designated as lenti-CYP-GFP. The amplified ALDH1a2 cDNA fragment was cloned into the lenti-CYP-GFP to replace the GFP and was designated as lenti-CYP-ALDH. This bicistronic plasmid expresses CYP27B1 controlled by SFFV promoter and ALDH1a2 controlled by PGK promoter.
L-glutamineThermoFisher ScientificCat#25030081
LipopolysaccharideSigma-AldrichCat# L3755
Murine GM-CSFPeprotechCat# 315-03
Murine IL-4PeprotechCat# 214-14
Na2HPO4Sigma-AldrichCat# NIST2186II
NaClSigma-AldrichCat# S9888
NeedlesThermoFisher ScientificCat# 14-841-02
Nonessential Amino AcidsThermoFisher ScientificCat#: 11140076
pCMVR8.74AddgenePlasmid# 22036
Penicillin/StreptomycinThermoFisher ScientificCat#15140148
Phoshate Balanced Solution (PBS)ThermoFisher ScientificCat#: 20012027
PMD2GAddgenePlasmid# 12259
Polypropylene tube, 15 mLThermoFisher ScientificCat# AM12500
Polypropylene tube, 50 mLThermoFisher ScientificCat# AM12502
Protamine sulfateSigma-AldrichCat# P3369
Rabbit polycloncal IgG isotype controlAbcamCat# ab171870
Radioimmunoassay for 1,25(OH)2D measurementHeartland Assays
RPMI 1640 medium, no glutamineThermoFisher ScientificCat# 21870076
Sodium pyruvatThermoFisher ScientificCat#: 11360070
Sorvall Legend XTR CentrifugeThermoFisher ScientificCat# 75004521
Sterile Cell strainers, 40 mmThermoFisher ScientificCat# 07-201-430
Sterile storage bottles, 500 mLThermoFisher ScientificCat# CLS431432

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