Contrast-Enhanced Subharmonic Aided Pressure Estimation (SHAPE) Using Ultrasound Imaging with a Focus on Identifying Portal Hypertension

Summary

A protocol for noninvasively estimating ambient pressures utilizing subharmonic ultrasound imaging of infused contrast microbubbles (following appropriate calibration) is described with examples from human patients with chronic liver disease.

Abstract

Noninvasive, accurate measurement of pressures within the human body has long been an important but elusive clinical goal. Contrast agents for ultrasound imaging are gas-filled, encapsulated microbubbles (diameter < 10 μm) that traverse the entire vasculature and enhance signals by up to 30 dB. These microbubbles also produce nonlinear oscillations at frequencies ranging from the subharmonic (half of the transmit frequency) to higher harmonics. The subharmonic amplitude has an inverse linear relationship with the ambient hydrostatic pressure. Here an ultrasound system capable of performing real-time, subharmonic aided pressure estimation (SHAPE) is presented. During ultrasound contrast agent infusion, an algorithm for optimizing acoustic outputs is activated. Following this calibration, subharmonic microbubble signals (i.e., SHAPE) have the highest sensitivity to pressure changes and can be used to noninvasively quantify pressure. The utility of the SHAPE procedure for identifying portal hypertension in the liver is the emphasis here, but the technique has applicability across many clinical scenarios.

Introduction

A number of different ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) are approved for clinical use in cardiology (in particular left ventricular opacification) and radiology (in particular adult and pediatric liver lesion characterization) across the world.¹ The sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound imaging can be improved by intravenous (IV) injection of gas-filled microbubbles (diameter < 10 μm) encapsulated by a lipid or protein shell as UCAs that traverse the entire vasculature and enhance signals by up to 30 dB.¹ These UCAs not only enhance the backscattered ultrasound signals, but at sufficient acoustic p....

Protocol

The institutional review boards of both Thomas Jefferson University and the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania approved this protocol. The protocol is compliant with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an Investigational New Drug approval (IND # 124,465 to F. Forsberg) for this protocol. GE Healthcare (Oslo, Norway) provided the UCA used in this research (Sonazoid; Table 1). Sonazoid is not approved by the FDA for any clinical applications in the United Sates, which is why an IND was necessary. Other UCAs with FDA approval¹ can be used off-....

Results

As with all ultrasound imaging examinations, the first consideration for liver SHAPE is to obtain the best possible baseline grayscale images of the target region and to ensure (using Doppler imaging) that there are no intrahepatic portal venous shunts or other vascular abnormalities present. In the case of liver imaging for diagnosing portal hypertension the key is to visualize both the portal vein and a hepatic vein at the same depth to minimize the impact of attenuation (Figure 1).

Discussion

Noninvasive, accurate measurement of pressures within the human body has long been an important but elusive clinical goal. The protocol for SHAPE measurements presented here achieves this goal. The most critical component of the SHAPE procedure is the optimization algorithm, since subharmonic data not acquired at the optimal acoustic power output will correlate poorly with hydrostatic pressures.^17,22,23 The initial version .......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
2 mL syringe	Becton Dickinson	309637	Used for reconstituting Sonazoid
10 mL saline-filled syringe	Becton Dickinson	306545	Used for flushing line to verify IV access
500 mL saline bag	Baxter Healthcare Corp	2131323	Used for co-infusion with Sonazoid
C1-6-D curvi-linear proble	GE Healthcare	H40472LT	Used for liver imaging
Chemoprotect Spike	Codan USA	C355	Chemospike used for reconstituting Sonazoid
Discofix C Blue	B. Braun Medical Inc	16494C	3-way stopcock
Intrafix Safeset 180 cm	B. Braun Medical Inc	4063000	Infusion tubing
Logiq E10 ultrasound scanner	GE Healthcare	H4928US	Used for conventional ultrasound imaging as well as for SHI and SHAPE
Luer lock 10 mL syringe	Becton Dickinson	300912	For infusion of Sonazoid
Medfusion 3500 syringe pump	Smiths Medical	3500-500	Used for infusing Sonazoid at 0.18 mL/kg/hour
Perfusor-leitung tubing 150 mm	B. Braun Medical Inc	8722960	Extension line enabling syringe connection to patient's IV access
SHI/SHAPE software	GE Healthcare	H4920CI	Contrast-specific imaging software
Sigma Spectrum infusion system	Baxter Healthcare Corp	35700BAX	Pump used for co-infusing saline at 120 mL/hour
Sonazoid	GE Healthcare		Gas-filled microbubble based ultrasound contrast agent
sterile water, 2 mL	B. Braun Medical Inc		Used for reconstituting Sonazoid
ultrasound gel	Cardinal Health	USG-250BT	Used for contact between probe and patient
Venflon IV cannula 22GA	Becton Dickinson	393202	Cannula needle for obtaining IV access