Polarization-Sensitive Two-Photon Microscopy for a Label-Free Amyloid Structural Characterization

Summary

This paper describes how polarization-sensitive two-photon microscopy could be applied to characterize the local organization within label-free amyloid superstructures-spherulites. It also describes how to prepare and measure the sample, assemble the required setup, and analyze the data to obtain information about the local organization of amyloid fibrils.

Abstract

Compared to its one-photon counterpart, two-photon excitation is beneficial for bioimaging experiments because of its lower phototoxicity, deeper tissue penetration, efficient operation in densely packed systems, and reduced angular photoselection of fluorophores. Thus, the introduction of polarization analysis in two-photon fluorescence microscopy (2PFM) provides a more precise determination of molecular organization in a sample compared to standard imaging methods based on linear optical processes. In this work, we focus on polarization-sensitive 2PFM (ps-2PFM) and its application in the determination of molecular ordering within complex bio-structures-amyloid spherulites. Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's are often diagnosed through the detection of amyloids-protein aggregates formed due to an impaired protein misfolding process. Exploring their structure leads to a better understanding of their creation pathway and consequently, to developing more sensitive diagnostic methods. This paper presents the ps-2PFM adapted for the determination of local fibril ordering inside the bovine insulin spherulites and spherical amyloidogenic protein aggregates. Moreover, we prove that the proposed technique can resolve the three-dimensional organization of fibrils inside the spherulite.

Introduction

Over the past decades, although there has been significant development of numerous fluorescence microscopy techniques for bioimaging of proteins and their aggregates¹, only a few have been used to resolve their local ordering within the sample^2,3. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy⁴ was used to study the intrinsic structural heterogeneity of amyloid superstructures-spherulites. Moreover, quantitative determination of the local ordering inside complex and densely-packed biostructures such as spherulites could be resolved using polarization-sensitive methods<....

Protocol

1. Preparing the microscope slides with fully-grown spherulites

NOTE: See the Table of Materials for details about all materials, reagents, and equipment used in this protocol. All solutions were prepared with deionized water (18.2 MΩ·cm at 25 °C) obtained from the water purification system.

1. Incubate the amyloid spherulites based on the protocol described by Krebs et al¹⁶. with some modifications, as described below.
   1. Weigh 10 mg of insulin powder in a 1.5 mL tube.
   2. Dissolve the powder with a 1 mL aliquot of the deionized H₂O/HCl s....

Results

The presented protocol provides step-by-step guidance through the preparation of amyloid superstructures for testing with ps-2PFM, construction of the microscopic system, and measurements of the proper sample. However, before the final set of measurements, it is vital to properly align the APDs with an isotropic reference, which should result in collecting a symmetrical signal of similar shape and intensity on both detectors (Figure 4C). Even minimal differences between the intensities measu.......

Discussion

Polarization-sensitive two-photon microscopy is a valuable tool for studying the local ordering of fibrils inside the amyloid superstructures, requiring only small modifications of the standard multiphoton setup. Since it operates on nonlinear optical phenomena, reduced angular photo-selection and enhanced axial resolution can be achieved compared to one-photon excited fluorescence microscopy methods. In addition, it leads to lower light scattering, lower phototoxicity, and deeper sample penetration when compared to the .......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Sample preparation
Coverslips, 24 x 24 mm	Chemland	04-298.202.04
DPX mountant for histology	Sigma-Aldrich	6522	Slide mountant
Eppendorf Safe-Lock tubes, 1.5 mL, polypropylene	Chemland	02-63102
Eppendorf ThermoMixer C	Eppendorf		Used for spherulite incubation
HLP 5UV Water purification system	Hydrolab		Source of dionized water used in sample preparation
Hydrochloric acid (≥37%, APHA ≤10),	Sigma-Aldrich	30721-M
Insulin powder from the bovine pancreas (≥25 units/mg (HPLC))	Sigma-Aldrich	I5500
Methanol (HPLC grade)	Sigma-Aldrich	270474
Microscope slides with a concave, 76 x 26 x 1 mm	Chemland	04-296.202.09
Olympus BX60	Olympus		Polarized Optical Microscope used in Figure 2
PTFE thread seal tape, 12 mm x 12 mm x 0.1 mm, 60 gm2	Chemland	VIT131097
Microscope ps-2PFM setup
Chameleon Ultra II	Coherent
FELH0800 - Ø25.0 mm Longpass Filter	Thorlabs
FESH0700 - Ø25.0 mm Shortpass Filter	Thorlabs
IDQ100 photon-counting avalanche photodiodes	ID Quantique
Multiphoton short-pass emission filter 720 nm	Semrock
Mounted Achromatic Half-Wave Plate, 690-1200 nm	Thorlabs
Nikon Plan Apo Oil Immersion 100x/1.4 NA	Nikon
piezo 3D stage	Piezosystem Jena
Polarizing Beamsplitter	Thorlabs
S130C - Slim Photodiode Power Sensor, Si, 400 - 1100 nm, 500 mW	Thorlabs
Software
LabView 2018	National Instruments		Version 18.0.1f2
Matplotlib library			Version 3.3.2
NumPy library			Version 1.19.2
SciPy library			Version 1.5.2
Spyder Python 3 IDE			Version 4.1.5