Name: Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation (Video) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2015-12-18T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 6 min 56 s
Description: Learn to record somatosensory event-related potentials using orofacial skin stretch stimulation and EEG. This method investigates cortical processing of sensory inputs in speech production and perception with high temporal accuracy.

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This work was supported by National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders Grants R21DC013915 and R01DC012502, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and the European Research Council under the European Community&#8217;s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013 Grant Agreement no. 339152).

The current experimental protocol follows the guidelines of ethical conduct according to the Yale University Human Investigation Committee.
1. Electroenchephalopgaphy (EEG) Preparation
<ol>
	<li>Measure head size to determine the appropriate EEG cap.</li>
	<li>Identify the location of the vertex by finding the mid-point between nasion and inion with a measuring tape.</li>
	<li>Place the EEG cap on the head using the pre-determined vertex as Cz. Examine Cz again after placing the cap by using a measuring tape as done in 1.2. Note that the EEG cap is equipped with electrode holders and the placement of the 64 electrodes (or holders) is based on a modified 10-20 system with pre-specified coordinates system based on Cz11. 
	Note: This representative application uses a 64 electrode configuration to assess scalp distribution changes and for source analysis. For simpler applications (event-related potential changes in amplitude and latency) using fewer electrodes are possible. There are two additional electrodes for ground in the EEG system used here. Those electrode holders are also included in the cap.</li>
	<li>Apply electrode gel in the electrode holders using a disposable syringe.</li>
	<li>Attach EEG electrodes (including ground electrodes) into the electrodes holders matching the labels of the electrodes and to the electrode holders on the electrode cap.</li>
	<li>Clean the skin surface with alcohol pads. 
	Note: For electrodes for detecting eye motion (electro-oculography), the skin locations are above and below the right eye (vertical eye motion), and lateral to the outer canthus of the both eyes (horizontal eye motion); for somatosensory stimulation the skin lateral to the oral angle is cleaned.</li>
	<li>Fill the four electro-oculography electrodes with the electrode gel and secure the electrodes with double-sided tape to the sites noted in 1.6.</li>
	<li>Secure all electrode cables using a Velcro strap. If required, tape the cables to participant&#39;s body or the other locations that do not introduce any additional electrical or mechanical noise.</li>
	<li>Position the participant in front of the monitor and the robot for somatosensory stimulation. Secure all electrode cables again as in 1.8.</li>
	<li>Connect the EEG and electro-oculography electrodes (including the ground electrodes) into the appropriate connecters (matching label and connecter shape) on the amplifier box of the EEG system.</li>
	<li>Check to see that the EEG signals are artifact free and that the offset value is in an acceptable range (&#60;50 &#181;V or smaller). If noisy signals or large offsets that are usually indicative of high impedance are found, correct those electrode signals by adding additional EEG gel and/or repositioning hair that is directly under the electrode.</li>
	<li>Insert the EEG-compatible earphones and confirm that the sound level is in a comfortable range based on subject report.</li>
</ol>
2. Somatosensory Stimulation
Note: The current protocol applies facial skin stretch for the purpose of somatosensory stimulation. The experimental setup with the EEG system is represented in Figure 1. The details of the somatosensory stimulation device have been described in the previous studies1,7,12-14. Briefly, two small plastic tabs (2 cm wide and 3 cm height) are attached with double-sided tape to the facial skin. The tabs are connected to the robotic device using string. The robot generates systematic skin stretch loads according to experimental designs. The setup protocol for ERP recording is as follows:
<ol>
	<li>Place the participant&#39;s head in the headrest in order to minimize head motion during stimulation. Remove carefully the electrode cables between the participant&#39;s head and headrest.</li>
	<li>Ask the participant to hold the safety switch for the robot.</li>
	<li>Attach plastic tabs to the target skin location using double-sided tape for somatosensory stimulation. For the representative results12,13, in which the target is the skin lateral to the oral angle, place the center of the tabs on the modiolus, a few mm lateral to the oral angle with the center of the tabs at approximately the same height of the oral angle.</li>
	<li>Adjust the configuration of the string, string supports and the robot in order to avoid EEG electrodes and cables.</li>
	<li>Apply a few facial skin stretches (one cycle sinusoid at 3 Hz with a maximum force of 4 N) to check for artifacts due to the stimulation (usually observed as relatively large amplitude and lower frequency compared with the electrophysiological response). If artifacts are observed in the EEG signals, go back to 2.4.</li>
</ol>
3. ERP Recording
<ol>
	<li>Explain the experimental task to the subject and provide practice trials (one block = 10 trials or less) to confirm if the subject understands the task clearly. 
	Note: The experimental task and stimulus presentation for ERP recording are preprogramed in software for stimulus presentation.
	<ol>
		<li>In the representative test with combined somatosensory and auditory stimulation12, apply the somatosensory stimulation associated with skin deformation to the skin lateral to the oral angle. The pattern of stretch is a one cycle sinusoid (3 Hz) with a maximum force of 4 N. A single synthesized speech utterance that is midway in a 10-step sound continuum between &#34;head&#34; and &#34;had&#34; is used for auditory stimulation.</li>
		<li>Present both stimulations separately or in combination. In the combined stimulation, test three onset timings (90 msec lead and lag, and simultaneous in somatosensory and auditory onsets: see Figure 3A).</li>
		<li>Randomize the presentation of five stimulations (somatosensory alone, auditory alone and three combined: lead, simult. and lag). Vary the inter-trial interval between 1,000 and 2,000 msec in order to avoid anticipation and habituation. The experimental task is to identify whether the presented speech sound, which is the sound that is acoustically intermediate between &#34;head&#34; and &#34;had&#39;, was &#34;head&#34; by pressing a key on a keyboard. In the somatosensory alone condition, in which there is no auditory stimulation, the participants are instructed to answer not &#34;head&#34;.</li>
		<li>Record participant judgments and the reaction time from the stimulus onset to the key press using the software for stimulus presentation. Ask the participant to gaze a fixation point on the display screen in order to reduce artifacts due to eye-movement.</li>
		<li>Remove the fixation point every 10 stimulations for a short break. (See also other example of task and stimulus presentation12,13)</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Start the software for ERP recording at 512 Hz sampling, which also records the onset time of stimulation in the timeline of ERP data. Note that the time stamps of the stimulation, which also includes the information about the type of the stimulation, are sent for every stimulus from the software for stimulus presentation. The two programs (for ERP recording and for the stimulus presentation) are running on two separate PCs that are connected through a parallel port.</li>
	<li>Set the software for the somatosensory stimulation to the trigger-waiting mode and then start stimulus presentation by activating the software for stimulus presentation. Note that the software for the somatosensory stimulation is also running on a separate PC from the other two PCs. Record 100 ERPs per condition. 
	Note: A trigger signal for the somatosensory stimulation is received through an analog input device that is connected to a digital output device in the PC for sensory stimulation. Single somatosensory stimulation is produced per one trigger.</li>
</ol>

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</ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

The studies reported here provide evidence that precisely controlled somatosensory stimulation that is produced by facial skin deformation induces cortical ERPs. Cutaneous afferents are known as a rich source of kinesthetic information3,4 in human limb movement5,6 and speech movement7,8,21. Stretching the facial skin in a manner that reflects the actual movement direction during speaking induces a kinesthetic sense similar to the corresponding movement. The current method combining precis...

Speech production is dependent on both auditory and somatosensory information. The auditory and somatosensory feedback occur in combination from the earliest vocalizations produced by an infant and both are involved in speech motor learning. Recent results suggest that somatosensory processes contribute to perception as well as production. For example, the identification of speech sounds is altered when a robotic device stretches the facial skin as participants listen to auditory stimuli1. Air puffs to the cheek that coincide with auditory speech stimuli alter participants&#39; perceptual judgments2.
These somatosensory effects involve the activation of cutaneous mechanoreceptors in response to skin deformation. The skin is deformed in various ways during movement, and cutaneous mechanoreceptors are known to contribute to kinesthetic sense3,4. The kinesthetic role of cutaneous mechanoreceptors is demonstrated by recent findings5-7 that the movement-related skin strains are appropriately perceived as flexion or extension motion depending on the pattern of skin stretch6. Over the course of speech motor training, which is the repetition of specific speech utterance with concomitant facial skin stretch speech, articulatory patterns change in an adaptive manner7. These studies indicate that modulating skin stretch during action provides a method for assessing the contribution of cutaneous afferents to the kinesthetic function of the sensorimotor system.
The kinesthetic function of orofacial cutaneous mechanoreceptors has been studied mostly using psychophysiological methods7,8 and microelectrode recoding from sensory nerves9,10. Here, the current protocol focuses on the combination of orofacial somatosensory stimulation associated with facial skin deformation and event related potential (ERP) recording. This procedure has precise experimental control over the direction and timing of facial skin deformation using a computer-controlled robotic device. This allows us to test specific hypotheses about the somatosensory contribution to speech production and perception by selectively and precisely deforming facial skin in a wide range of orientations during both speech motor learning and directly in speech production and perception. ERP recording are used to noninvasively evaluate the temporal pattern and timing of the influence of somatosensory stimulation on orofacial behaviors. The current protocol then can evaluate the neural correlates of kinesthetic function and assess the contribution of the somatosensory system to both speech processing, speech production and speech perception.
To show the utility of the application of skin stretch stimulation to ERP recording, the following protocol focuses on the interaction of somatosensory and auditory input in speech perception. The results highlight a potential method to assess somatosensory-auditory interaction in speech.

<table><tbody><tr><td>EEG recording system</td><td>Biosemi</td><td>ActiveTwo</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Robotic decice for skin stretch</td><td>Geomagic</td><td>Phantom Premium 1.0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EEG-compatible earphones</td><td>Etymotic research</td><td>ER3A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Software for visual and auditory stimulation</td><td>Neurobehavioral Systems</td><td>Presentation</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Electrode gel</td><td>Parker Laboratories, INC</td><td>Signa gel</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Double sided tape</td><td>3M</td><td>1522</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Disposable syringe</td><td>Monoject</td><td>412 Curved Tip</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Analog input device</td><td>National Instuments&amp;nbsp;</td><td>PCI-6036E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Degital output device</td><td>Measurement computing</td><td>USB-1208FS</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

somatosensory event-related potentials from orofacial skin stretch stimulation

Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation

Cortical processing associated with orofacial somatosensory function in speech has received limited experimental attention due to the difficulty of providing precise and controlled stimulation. This article introduces a technique for recording somatosensory event-related potentials (ERP) that uses a novel mechanical stimulation method involving skin deformation using a robotic device. Controlled deformation of the facial skin is used to modulate kinesthetic inputs through excitation of cutaneous mechanoreceptors. By combining somatosensory stimulation with electroencephalographic recording, somatosensory evoked responses can be successfully measured at the level of the cortex. Somatosensory stimulation can be combined with the stimulation of other sensory modalities to assess multisensory interactions. For speech, orofacial stimulation is combined with speech sound stimulation to assess the contribution of multi-sensory processing including the effects of timing differences. The ability to precisely control orofacial somatosensory stimulation during speech perception and speech production with ERP recording is an important tool that provides new insight into the neural organization and neural representations for speech.

This section presents representative event-related potentials in response to somatosensory stimulation resulting from facial skin deformation. The experimental setup is represented in Figure 1. Sinusoidal stimulation was applied to the facial skin lateral to the oral angle (See Figure 3A as reference). One hundred stretch trials were recorded for each participant with 12 participants tested in total. After removing the trials with blinks and eye movement ...

This paper introduces a method for obtaining somatosensory event-related potentials following orofacial skin stretch stimulation. The current method can be used to evaluate the contribution of somatosensory afferents to both speech production and speech perception.

Cortical processing associated with orofacial somatosensory function in speech has received limited experimental attention due to the difficulty of ...

The overall goal of this somatosensory event related potential recording using oral facial skin stretch stimulation is to investigate cortical processing associated with oral facial somatosensory inputs in speech production and perception. This is done by selectively and precisely deforming facial skin in a wide range of speech behaviors. This method can help answer key questions in speech science fields, such as the potential role of the sensory system in speech perception, the relationship between speech perception and production, and the underlying cortical representations.The main advantage of this technique is that event related cortical potential associated with facial skin deformation provides a direct measure of small sensory cortical involvement in speech processing with relatively high temporal accuracy and noninvasive rain imaging technique demonstrating the EEG setup will be bermont. A research assistant in my laboratory Begin by measuring head size to determine the appropriate electroencephalography or EEG cap. Identify the location of the vertex CZ by finding the midpoint between nasion and inion with a measuring tape.Place the EEG cap on the head using the predetermi

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Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

This video demonstrates the recording of somatosensory stimulation-related signals through orofacial skin stretch using an electroencephalography (EEG) cap equipped with electrodes to monitor brain activity and a robotic device that produces the skin stretch.

Obtaining Somatosensory Stimulation-Related Signals from Orofacial Skin Stretching

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess infants and children's cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds, and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing discomfort in vulnerable patients.

Quantitative Assessment of Cortical Auditory-tactile Processing in Children with Disabilities

This paper describes a method for collecting and analyzing electroencephalography (EEG) data during concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) guided by activations revealed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A method for TMS artifact removal and extraction of event related potentials is described as well as considerations in paradigm design and experimental setup.

Extracting Visual Evoked Potentials from EEG Data Recorded During fMRI-guided Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception.  This article describes how to record motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from the lip muscles and how to disrupt the motor lip representation using repetitive TMS.

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Several children with unilateral Cerebral Palsy seem to disregard the preserved capacity of their affected upper limb. This Developmental Disregard is extensively described in the literature but the involved cognitive processes have not been studied. To study underlying cognitive factors of upper limb control, an event-related potential protocol was developed.

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

Here we explore contralateral tactile masking between the forearms in which tactile detection thresholds are modulated by vibration applied to a remote site. The details of which remote sites have an effect can tell us about how the body is represented in the brain.

Testing Tactile Masking between the Forearms

We describe a protocol to assess facial muscle activity in response to experienced and observed tactile stimulation using facial electromyography.

Using Facial Electromyography to Assess Facial Muscle Reactions to Experienced and Observed Affective Touch in Humans

This protocol is designed to explore underlying learning-related electrophysiological changes in subjects with profound deafness after a short training period in audio-tactile sensory substitution by applying the event-related potential technique.

Assessment of Audio-Tactile Sensory Substitution Training in Participants with Profound Deafness Using the Event-Related Potential Technique

Event-related potential (ERP) recording is under utilized in Cognitive Neuroscience because data acquisition techniques are not readily available and this method often has poor spatial resolution. To foster the increased use of ERPs in Cognitive Neuroscience, the present article details key techniques involved in high density ERP data acquisition.

High Density Event-related Potential  Data Acquisition in Cognitive Neuroscience

In this article, we examine the methodology and considerations relevant to the combination of TMS and fMRI to examine the effects of brain stimulation on the default network.

Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

Learn to record somatosensory event-related potentials using orofacial skin stretch stimulation and EEG. This method investigates cortical processing of sensory inputs in speech production and perception with high temporal accuracy.

Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation

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