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Neuroscience
利用干细胞衍生脑 Organoids体外培养人脑组织 Zika 病毒感染的模拟研究
利用干细胞衍生脑 Organoids体外培养人脑组织 Zika 病毒感染的模拟研究
JoVE Journal
Neuroscience
This content is Free Access.
JoVE Journal Neuroscience
Modelling Zika Virus Infection of the Developing Human Brain In Vitro Using Stem Cell Derived Cerebral Organoids

利用干细胞衍生脑 Organoids体外培养人脑组织 Zika 病毒感染的模拟研究

Full Text
11,027 Views
09:18 min
September 19, 2017

DOI: 10.3791/56404-v

Max R Salick*1, Michael F Wells*2,3, Kevin Eggan2,3, Ajamete Kaykas1

1Department of Neuroscience,Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 2Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 3Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and Harvard Stem Cell Institute,Harvard University

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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

This study presents a protocol to model Zika virus infection in the developing human brain utilizing stem cell-derived organoids. Researchers aim to investigate which cells are susceptible to infection and the proteins involved in the infection pathway, providing insights into mechanisms of Zika virus infection and its link to microcephaly.

Key Study Components

Area of Science

  • Neuroscience
  • Virology
  • Stem Cell Biology

Background

  • Zika virus can lead to severe neurological disorders such as microcephaly in infected embryos.
  • Understanding the infection mechanisms is crucial for developing therapeutic interventions.
  • Stem cell-derived cerebral organoids serve as an effective model for early human brain development.
  • This study explores the advantages of high throughput assays and genetic techniques like CRISPR.

Purpose of Study

  • To model Zika virus infection in the developing human brain.
  • To identify infected cell types and explore the infection pathway.
  • To develop a platform for drug screening and understanding neurological impacts.

Methods Used

  • The study employs stem cell-derived cerebral organoids as the primary platform.
  • Stem cell lines are manipulated to produce organoids for infection studies.
  • No multiomics workflows are mentioned; focus is on cellular infection dynamics.
  • Key steps involve preparing organoid cultures, maintaining growth, and introducing viral infection.
  • Regular medium changes are performed to ensure optimal growth conditions throughout the experimental timeline.

Main Results

  • The protocol allows for observation of Zika virus infection mechanisms in organoids.
  • Initial assessments highlight cell infection pathways and response mechanisms.
  • Insights into cell differentiation and vulnerability to viral factors are gained.
  • The study provides foundational insights for future therapeutic evaluations against Zika virus.

Conclusions

  • This study enables detailed exploration of Zika virus impact on developing brains.
  • Understanding of infection mechanisms may inform future therapeutic strategies to combat viral effects on brain development.
  • Implications extend to broader investigations into neurodevelopmental disease models.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the advantages of using stem cell-derived organoids?
Stem cell-derived organoids closely mimic human brain development and enable the study of virus interactions in a controlled environment, enhancing the relevance of findings.
How is Zika virus infection implemented in the organoid model?
Zika virus is introduced to the organoids after they have reached a specific growth stage, allowing researchers to study the infection process and its effects on brain development.
What types of data can be obtained from this study?
Researchers can gather data on cell viability, infection rates, and changes in molecular markers associated with Zika virus infection.
How can this method be adapted for drug screening?
The organoid model can be utilized to assess the efficacy of potential antiviral drugs that target Zika virus pathways by monitoring protective effects against infection.
What are some limitations of this study?
Limitations may include the complexity of mimicking the entire human brain environment and the potential variability in organoid responses to infection.
What implications does this study have for neuroscience?
This research enhances the understanding of viral impacts on brain development and could lead to improved therapeutic approaches for neurodevelopmental disorders.

本协议描述了一种用于开发人脑的 Zika 病毒感染模型的技术。利用野生或工程化的干细胞系, 研究人员可以利用这种技术来发现可能影响早期脑部感染的各种机制或治疗方法, 并在 Zika 病毒感染的胚胎中产生小头。

该程序的总体目标是使用干细胞衍生的脑类器官在发育中的人脑中模拟寨卡病毒感染。这种方法可以帮助回答生物学领域的关键问题,例如,哪些细胞能够被感染以及哪些蛋白质与感染途径有关。该技术的主要优点是它模拟早期人类感染,可用于高通量检测,并且可以与 CRISPR 等重点遗传技术结合使用。

这种方法可以深入了解寨卡病毒感染的机制。它也可以应用于其他系统,例如药物筛选和病毒假型。使用常规的干细胞维护方法,使培养物达到 50% 至 70% 的汇合度。

使用 10 至 20 倍放大倍率的明场显微镜检查培养物,并确保菌落具有健康的形态,没有可检测的分化。将无异种成分干细胞维持培养基置于热水浴中至 37 摄氏度,并在室温下解冻 2 毫升酶分离试剂和一小瓶 50 微升原液岩石抑制剂。接下来,准备一个超低附件 U 底 96 孔板、一个多通道 p200 移液器和一个 25 毫升试剂储液槽。

接下来,将 45 mL 培养基分装到 50 mL 锥形管中。加入 45 μL 岩石抑制剂,通过研磨混合物充分混合抑制剂,然后加入 2 至 4 个版本。真空吸出含有干细胞的 6 孔板中的两个孔,并向每个孔中快速添加 1 毫升无酶分离试剂,然后将板在 37 摄氏度下孵育 4 分钟。

接下来,真空吸出处理过的孔,并向每个孔中加入 1 毫升酶分离试剂。在 37 摄氏度下孵育 5 分钟后,从培养箱中取出板。轻轻敲击板以打碎任何聚集的细胞。

接下来,在显微镜下检查细胞。如果仍然可以看到大细胞簇,请将板在 37 摄氏度下再孵育 2 分钟。重复该步骤,直到肉眼不再看到群集。

细胞正确解离后,向每个孔中加入 1 毫升无异种成分干细胞维持培养基,以使解离酶失活。将细胞悬液拉入 50 mL 锥形管中,取少量用于细胞计数。离心时,对细胞进行计数并确定达到每毫升悬浮液 60, 000 个细胞所需的重悬体积。

小心去除上清液,并以每毫升 60, 000 个细胞的浓度重悬于含有岩石抑制剂的培养基中。使用 5 毫升移液器,轻轻混合细胞 5 到 10 次,以确保细胞悬液均匀。立即将细胞悬液加入试剂储液槽中,并使用多通道 p200 移液器将 150 μL 转移到超低附件 U 底部 96 孔板的每个孔中。

接下来,将板以 150 x G 离心 1 分钟,然后将板放入 37 摄氏度的培养箱中。48 小时内不要打扰板。从第二天开始,在 50 毫升锥形管中制备 17 毫升含有 17 微升岩石抑制剂储备液的培养基。

在热水浴中将混合物加热至 37 摄氏度。从培养箱中取出类器官板,使用多通道 p200 移液器,从第一行孔的边缘缓慢吸取 75 微升培养基。然后,迅速将其排出回井中,以取出松散的细胞和类器官。

对每一行重复此分散过程。等待 15 秒以确保类器官沉入每个孔的底部,然后使用多通道 p200 移液器从每个孔中缓慢小心地吸出 75 微升培养基,并将其分配到废液储存器中。接下来,将含有岩石抑制剂的培养基转移到试剂储液槽中,将 150 μL 培养基分配到每个类器官孔中,然后在 37 摄氏度下孵育细胞。

将 17 毫升新鲜培养基加热至 37 摄氏度,此时无需任何岩石抑制剂。使用设置为 100 微升的多通道 p200 移液器,重复前面显示的分散过程并等待 15 秒以确保类器官已沉入其孔底部。然后,小心地从每个孔中吸出 125 微升培养基,并替换为 150 微升加热的培养基。

将板放入 37 摄氏度的培养箱中。根据此处所示的配方制备培养基,然后在 500 毫升过滤器中无菌过滤混合溶液。从第 4 天到大约 24 天感染细胞,使用神经诱导培养基每隔一天进行一次定期维护。

过滤后,将 17 毫升神经诱导培养基加热至 37 摄氏度,并将其余部分储存在 4 摄氏度。使用设置为 100 微升的多通道 p200 移液器,分散类器官板的所有孔,如前所述。等待 15 秒以确保类器官已沉入其孔底。

小心地从每个孔中吸出 125 微升培养基,并用 125 微升新鲜神经诱导培养基代替。每隔一天重复一次这种神经诱导壮举,直到类器官准备好接受寨卡病毒感染。将 Earle 的 1x 平衡盐溶液、1x PBS 和神经诱导培养基放入热水浴中至 37 摄氏度。

接下来,在 1x Earle 溶液中稀释已知浓度的寨卡病毒,以达到目标感染复数,通常介于 0.1 和 10 之间。使用 p200 移液器,小心地从每个类器官孔中取出所有培养基。然后,用 200 微升加热的 1x PBS 快速洗涤类器官。

从每个孔中取出培养基时,关键是不要接触类器官或将其吸入移液器中。这可能会对类器官造成无法修复的损害。如果发生这种情况,最好丢弃类器官。

接下来,使用单通道 p200 移液器小心地从每个类器官孔中去除所有剩余液体。然后,向每个孔中快速加入 50 微升 1x Earle 模拟感染溶液或寨卡病毒溶液。确保每个类器官完成后完全浸没,将板放回 37 摄氏度的培养箱中培养两小时。

病毒暴露完成后,用 200 微升 PBS 洗涤类器官的每个孔。让类器官沉降 15 秒,然后使用单通道 p200 移液器去除 PBS。最后,向每个孔中加入 200 μL 新鲜神经诱导培养基,并将板放回培养箱中。

DAPI、磷酸波形蛋白、TBR2 和 MAP2 染色可以组合显示类器官内形成的皮层结构。这些结构包括心室区、脑室下区、中间区和每个玫瑰花结内的皮质板。将类器官培养到第 108 天,可以观察发育的后期阶段。

虽然皮质分层在这种类型的类器官中并不那么突出,但向神经胶质生成的自然转变确实与体内发生非常相似。寨卡病毒感染 3 天后,类器官大小的差异变得明显。这种差异的规模取决于应用于类器官的病毒感染多样性。

类器官大小的这种差异将在接下来的一周内增加,直到受感染的类器官开始分裂。三天后,与模拟井相比,受感染井中的细胞碎片也会增加。在尝试此程序时,遵循安全的实验室做法很重要,因为使用的是活的传染性材料。

在此程序之后,可以执行其他方法,如免疫组织化学或 RNAC,以回答有关神经发育寨卡病毒感染所涉及的生物学的其他问题。

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