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Bioengineering
纳米等离子体增强散射和低放大显微镜成像对肿瘤衍生外质体的定量
纳米等离子体增强散射和低放大显微镜成像对肿瘤衍生外质体的定量
JoVE Journal
Bioengineering
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JoVE Journal Bioengineering
Using Nanoplasmon-Enhanced Scattering and Low-Magnification Microscope Imaging to Quantify Tumor-Derived Exosomes

纳米等离子体增强散射和低放大显微镜成像对肿瘤衍生外质体的定量

Full Text
7,948 Views
09:30 min
May 24, 2019

DOI: 10.3791/59177-v

Meihua Wan1,2, Pouya Amrollahi2,3, Dali Sun4, Christopher Lyon2,3, Tony Y. Hu2,3

1Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine,West China Hospital of Sichuan University, 2Virginia G. Piper Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute,Arizona State University, 3School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering,Arizona State University, 4Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,North Dakota State University

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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

This study presents a novel nanoplasmon-enhanced scattering (nPES) assay for the rapid analysis of exosome-derived biomarkers in small clinical samples. The method simplifies the process by eliminating the need for exosome purification, making it suitable for clinical applications.

Key Study Components

Area of Science

  • Biomarker analysis
  • Exosome research
  • Clinical diagnostics

Background

  • Exosome-derived biomarkers are crucial for understanding various diseases.
  • Current methods for quantifying exosomes are often time-consuming and complex.
  • There is a need for rapid and accurate quantification techniques.
  • nPES offers a noninvasive alternative to traditional biopsy methods.

Purpose of Study

  • To develop a rapid assay for analyzing exosome biomarkers.
  • To facilitate the use of exosome analysis in clinical settings.
  • To provide a method that requires minimal sample volume.

Methods Used

  • Preparation of NeutrAvidin-functionalized gold nanorods.
  • Combination of nanorods with biotinylated antibodies.
  • Slide preparation with exosome capture antibodies.
  • Dark-field microscopy for imaging and quantification of exosomes.

Main Results

  • The nPES assay successfully quantifies specific exosome subtypes.
  • Demonstrated reproducibility across various sample dilutions.
  • Enabled analysis of small serum or plasma samples.
  • Showed potential for application in genetically engineered mouse models.

Conclusions

  • The nPES assay is a promising tool for clinical biomarker analysis.
  • This method can enhance the understanding of disease mechanisms.
  • Future applications may include broader clinical diagnostics.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the main advantage of the nPES assay?
The nPES assay simplifies the process of exosome analysis by eliminating the need for purification steps, allowing for rapid and efficient quantification.
Can the nPES assay be used with small sample volumes?
Yes, the assay is designed to work with very small clinical samples, making it suitable for various applications.
What types of biomarkers can be analyzed using this method?
The nPES assay can analyze specific biomarkers present on the outer membrane of exosomes.
Is prior experience required to perform the nPES assay?
Basic wet lab skills are sufficient; with practice, most researchers can learn to perform the assay successfully.
What are the potential applications of this assay?
The nPES assay can be applied in clinical diagnostics and research involving genetically engineered or patient-derived xenograft mouse models.

由于缺乏快速准确的定量方法, 病细胞外衍生的病性和恶性细胞生物标志物的临床翻译受到阻碍。本报告描述了使用低放大暗场显微镜图像来量化小体积血清或血浆样本中的特定外源亚型。

Nanoplasmon 增强散射(nPES)是手术活检的简单且非侵入性替代方法,可以跳过耗时且劳动密集型的外体纯化步骤,将外显体分析的应用扩展到临床环境。此 nPES 检测是一种快速程序,用于分析不需要单独隔离和纯化步骤的外体外膜上的特定生物标志物。我们只需要一个很小的临床样本进行这种检测。

因此,该方法可以扩大nPES的使用,以研究基因工程或PDX小鼠模型。此协议中有几个步骤可能让人望而生畏。但是,通过一些练习运行,每个具备基本湿实验室技能的每个人都可以学习成功执行 nPES。

为了开始该程序,将40微升的中微维丁功能金纳米棒与200微升的冷,pH7磷酸盐缓冲盐水相结合。在4摄氏度下将混合物在8500倍g下离心10分钟,然后取出上盖物。再重复两次洗涤过程,然后在 40 微升的冷 PBS 中重新暂停纳米棒。

接下来,在悬浮液中加入150微升的冷PBS和10微升的0.5毫克每毫升溶液中适当的生物素化抗体。在四摄氏度下混合两小时,获得抗体结合金纳米棒。在4摄氏度的4摄氏度下,在200微升的冷PBS中,用6500次g的离心清洗三次纳米棒,每次10分钟。

之后,将洗涤的抗体结合纳米棒重新在200微升的冷PBS中,并在4摄氏度下储存长达24小时。要开始准备幻灯片,将所需的外显体捕获抗体稀释至 PBS 中每毫升 025 毫克。将该溶液的一微升移入每一个用光学级玻璃背对背的蛋白质 A/G 处理幻灯片的井中。

然后,将滑梯转移到加湿箱中,以确保水井在孵化过程中不会干涸。在37摄氏度下孵育滑梯一小时,以固定捕获抗体。然后,吸进剩余的溶液,去除未绑定的抗体。

通过添加和吸气三次 PBS 的微升来清洗水井。接下来,快速加载每一个井与一微升的PBS为基础的阻塞缓冲液,并在37摄氏度的幻灯片孵化两个小时。在运行大约 15 个样本时,我们必须使用单通道移液器在不到五分钟的时间将阻塞缓冲液加载到 120 孔上,以避免阻塞剂的蒸发。

在滑动阻塞过程中开始制备抗体结合金纳米棒溶液。在封堵完成前约30分钟,在室温水浴中快速解冻血浆或血清样本。涡旋解冻样品30秒,以确保悬浮液是均匀的。

然后,将样品以500倍g离心15分钟,沉淀蛋白质集料和其他碎屑。将上流液的10微升等同物转移到新鲜管中,使用PBS进行一对一稀释。适当通过温和的涡旋或反转混合稀释的样品。

滑动阻塞完成后,吸气阻塞缓冲液,用 PBS 的一微升部分洗井三次。立即将样品装入井中,每孔一微升,每样本8个复制。以相同的方式将外显标准加载到适当的井中。

在4摄氏度的冰箱中孵育滑梯12至18小时。然后,吸气井,用一微升的PBS洗一次每口井。将抗体结合金纳米棒悬浮液的微升加载到每孔中,并在37摄氏度下孵育滑动两小时。

之后,吸气纳米棒悬浮液,用搅拌机在PBS中用1%聚糖酸20补充洗涤幻灯片10分钟。然后,吸气井,并在旋转搅拌机上用脱压水清洗滑梯 10 分钟。将水取下,让滑梯在干净的培养皿中风干,然后再将滑梯带到暗场显微镜。

设置一台装有暗田油浸冷凝器、4倍目标和电动台的倒置显微镜。通过数码相机将显微镜连接到计算机,然后打开成像软件。然后,将样品幻灯片倒置在显微镜舞台上,在冷凝器镜头接触幻灯片的地方涂抹一小滴浸入油。

在成像软件中通过显微镜显示视图。根据高浓度标准调整曝光时间,以确保图像不会饱和。然后,打开用于扫描大图像的工具,将目标放大倍率设置为 10 倍。

选择在舞台移动期间关闭活动快门,并在每次捕获前等待 20 毫秒。将拼接重叠设置为 20%,然后通过最佳路径选择拼接。选择从扫描创建大图像。

将摄像机设置为在扫描开始时手动对焦,并每 20 个字段启用自动分步对焦。然后,选择为目标扫描字段设置左、右、上和下限制,然后通过将显微镜阶段移动到每个所需限制来定义扫描区域。接下来,调整焦点、冷凝器和区域照明,以获得清晰、明亮的图像。

命名要创建的图像文件,然后开始扫描。完成后,打开图像并以 1/8 比例保存。打开图像分析软件。

然后,打开插件菜单,单击 DSM 扫描,定义列和行数,将调整大小百分比设置为 25,将点直径(以像素为单位)设置为 190 到 200,将直径范围设置为 32,将增量直径(以像素为单位)设置为 8。将低 DSM 限制设置为零和 62,将相邻距离设置为 100,将减法偏置设置为零。运行 DSM 算法,并保存生成的数据。

DSM 分析技术显示,连续稀释的 PANC-1 外显体样品的可重复性良好,每微升 0.24 至 1.2 微克。在金纳米棒的散射反应与外体蛋白质浓度之间观察到了强烈的线性相关性。在胰腺癌患者和健康患者之间观察到表达癌症相关生物标志物EphA2的血清外显体丰度存在显著差异。

从添加阻塞剂开始,快速准确的移液对于避免样品蒸发、引入交叉污染和刮擦滑轨表面至关重要。按照这个程序,我们进行统计分析,以调查感兴趣的外体生物标志物的表达与所研究的疾病的不同阶段之间的任何相关性。在建立了这项技术后,我们能够找到早期胰腺癌的外体生物标志物。

目前,我们正在将这一发现扩展到其他类型的癌症和感染疾病。通常,在该检测中处理的样本要么是患者样本,要么是来自癌细胞系的纯化外体样本,这需要特殊的安全培训。

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