21.22: Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with type 1 diabetes require lifelong insulin replacement therapy.
On the other hand, type 2 diabetes is primarily caused by insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's cells become less responsive to insulin. As a result, the reduced ability of insulin to facilitate glucose uptake leads to elevated blood glucose levels. Type 2 diabetes is often associated with lifestyle factors such as obesity, physical inactivity, and poor dietary choices. It is a progressive condition that may initially be managed with lifestyle modifications and oral medications, but some individuals may eventually require insulin therapy.
Uncontrolled diabetes can lead to a range of complications affecting various organs and systems in the body. These complications include cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, nerve damage or neuropathy, retinopathy, and impaired wound healing. It is important to manage blood glucose levels through medication, dietary changes, regular physical activity, and regular monitoring to prevent or delay the onset of complications.
Diabetes treatment aims to maintain blood glucose levels within the prescribed range. Lifestyle modifications like a healthy diet, monitoring blood glucose levels, and exercise help effective diabetes management. Additionally, oral medications to improve insulin sensitivity or stimulate insulin production and insulin injections or pumps for individuals with type 1 or advanced type 2 diabetes are prescribed.
