认知范式调查干扰工作记忆的干扰和中断
Summary
一种新的认知范式开发过程中工作记忆任务阐明干扰行为和神经相关被要被忽略的干扰项与干扰待出席断续器。在这份手稿，这种模式的几个变种有详细的，与这种模式在年轻/年长成人参与者所获得的数据进行审查。
Abstract
目标导向行为往往从外部环境损害由干扰，无论是在撑开由不相关的信息，一个试图忽略，或者通过中断，要求关注作为另一个（二次）任务目标的一部分信息的形式。这两种形式的外部干扰的已被证明产生不利影响，保持在工作记忆（WM）信息的能力。新出现的证据表明，这些不同类型的外部干扰施加于行为不同的效果，并且可以通过不同的神经机制来介导的。更好的表征无关分心与出席中断了鲜明的神经行为的影响是推进自上而下的关注，外部干扰的分辨率的理解至关重要，这些能力如何成为健康的老龄化和神经退化条件。这份手稿描述了一种新的认知范式开发的Gazzaley实验室有现在被修改成用来阐明干扰的行为和神经相关，由要被忽略干扰项与待出席断续器几个不同的版本。提供细节上的这种范式的变种调查干扰视觉和听觉的方式，多层次的复杂性刺激，并与实验定时脑电图（EEG）优化或功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）的研究。另外，使用这种模式进行审查，并在其上的外部干涉，并且在工作存储器解决干扰年龄相关的神经的行为改变的更广泛的文献关系的上下文中讨论获得从年轻和年长的成人参与者数据。
Introduction
大量的文献已经证明是不利的信息中的干扰来自外部环境1-9工作记忆（WM）的维持。外部干扰可分为两种基本类型;干扰无关信息的一个有意忽略：这需要引起注意的另一个（二级）任务目标的一部分分心，干扰和信息：中断。使用内参与者设计比较这些类型的外部干扰的研究使得能够对目标为中心的自上而下注意在加工的神经行为影响外部干扰和分辨率的评估。
最近，Gazzaley实验室设计了一个范例，有利于发生在一个工作记忆任务的设置“要被出席”中断比较和“要被忽略'分心。从这个范例新出现的证据表明，这些不同类型的分机ernal干扰会对行为不同的影响，并有明显的潜在的神经机制2-5,10,11。这种模式已经显露正常老化2,3,4,10,11外部干扰处理分歧;尽管在干扰的情况下老化赤字并不总是5;它具有干扰通过干扰项与断续器使用的面孔和场景2,3,4,12，点kinematograms 5,10,11低水平视觉运动的高层次的视觉刺激，而低级别的听觉议案亦尊贵机制频率扫描5。
外部干扰和老化
外部干扰引起的工作记忆在整个生命周期，虽然老年人出比年轻的成年人2,3,13-18更多的负面影响造成了不利影响。老年人也表现出不同的神经活动模式相比，年轻的广告ULTS当试图解决这种干扰3,4,17,21。然而，一些研究没有发现证据这种年龄相关的行为5,19,20或神经5差异与干扰。
有趣的是，在解决老龄化的干扰的影响似乎感官方式不同，但这个问题仍然没有得到解决，目前。视觉intrasensory干扰已被广泛证明具有与年龄有关的下降（中总结了广泛的审查22）。与此相反，许多实验表明在帧内感官听觉干扰19,22-25没有年龄相关缺陷，而另一些研究表明显著年龄相关的增加听觉分心19,22,26-32。此外，干扰的刺激的显着性（全等或不一致的提示和探针刺激之间）2，和刺激复杂性（高或低的处理负载）5-可以与干扰相互作用处理和其在任务目标和年龄差异。
此处所描述的范例通过探测自上而下注意（在任务目标的形式）以及外部干扰刺激分辨率机制的补充的老化干扰文献。从这种模式的视觉面部及现场版本的证据表明老化和干扰型，老年人表明相对于忽略分心3,4出席断续器更大的脆弱性之间的相互作用。这些特征干扰类型之间的行为和神经的差异是很重要的理解能力，控制与衰老如何认知改变。
为什么老年人表明加剧赤字解决待出席断续器？是老年人通过受损的断续器处理过多它们出现的时候，或者没有能力重新激活的主要目标，按照有关确认交涉timuli中断之后，或者通过断续器的长时间加工后它们不再存在或相关33？为了解决这些问题，目前的模式的设计允许对神经活动的比较在时间点之前，期间和之后的不同类型的干扰。例如，通过比较由忽略分心对活动期间出席中断引起的神经活动，可以查明自上而下注意干扰的分辨率在工作存储器的具体影响。
几项研究已经实现了这个干扰范例的多个变体，以了解使用功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）和脑电图（EEG）的不同类型的外部干扰的两个在高空间和时间分辨率的神经关联，分别。这种模式也被用来澄清干扰之间的重要区别在视觉和听觉域刺激的复杂性和一致性上的干扰，以及产生的影响。这里，范例的变体进行了详细的说明。
Protocol
下面的步骤列举如何执行这项新的认知范式旨在阐明外部干扰的神经行为方面的延迟确认工作记忆，与变化的配对脑电图或功能磁共振成像进行了优化。在此之前，通过适当的机构审查委员会和/或人参加审查委员会开始收集数据，完成所有必要的人力，参与研究的批准。 1.准备下载并安装实验演示软件，如E-总理，演示文稿或PsychoPy，按照制造商的说明，到一个专用?…
Representative Results
这种干扰模式，使一代就在年轻和年长的成年人（ 见表2摘要）工作记忆的不同行为影响和分散注意力的神经机制和中断的重要发现。 行为。行为上，与现有的文献线，中断始终赋予对工作记忆的表现2-5，10,11,12较大的不利影响与干扰。老年人干扰赤字相对更大表现出年轻的成年人，尤其是在使用复杂的视觉刺激物（面孔和场景）2,3,4</sup…
Discussion
一种新的认知范式已经显示出疗效调查通过分心和干扰工作记忆干扰。这种模式和它的几个变种，横跨感觉形式，刺激复杂程度和成像的方法延长其使用有详细。
在开始实验，预屏幕上的所有参与者，以确保适当的认知和感知能力。对于使用低级别听觉刺激实验中，施用的自适应阈值化过程来校准刺激以参与者之间等效困难的感知鉴别电平。坚持以实验变量参数预期的成像?…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
非常感谢这一范式的开发商，尤其是韦斯利克拉普，安妮·贝瑞，乔蒂·米什拉，迈克尔鲁本斯，和西奥多Zanto。这项工作是由美国国立卫生研究院资助5R01AG0403333（AG）的支持。
Materials
| Computer for stimulus presentation | Dell | Optiplex GX620 | hardware/software requirements will vary based on stimulus presentation software |
| Cathody Ray Tube (CRT) monitor | ViewSonic | G220fb | 21"; recommended due to its superior latency relative to that of LCD monitors in displaying visual stimuli; chair should be positioned 75 cm away |
| E-Prime software | Psychology Software Tools, Inc. | E-Prime 2.0 Standard | a different experimental presentation software can be used in place of E-Prime (e.g. Presentation (Neurobehavioral Systems), or PsychoPy (open-source); E-Prime and Presentation are compatible with Microsoft Windows, PsychoPy is compatible with Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux) |
| Keyboard/response pad for Behavioral or EEG experiments | Keyboard: Razer; Response Pad: Cedrus | Keyboard: BlackWidow Ultimate; Response Pad: RB-830 | any standard computer keyboard is acceptable, though response pads may offer more precise timing (ie: Cedrus RB-830 guarantees 1 ms resolution) |
| Keyboard/response pad for MRI experiments | Curdes | Package 904 | ensure that keypad is MR-compatible |
| Headphones (for auditory behavioral experiments) | Koss | UR29 | |
| EEG-compatible Headphones (for auditory EEG experiments) | Etymotic | ER3-50; ER3-21; ER3-14A | |
| MRI-compatible Headphones (for auditory MR experiments) | Etymotic | SD-AU-EAER30 |
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Cite This Article
Janowich, J., Mishra, J., Gazzaley, A. A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions. J. Vis. Exp. (101), e52226, doi:10.3791/52226 (2015).