Transport of Surface-modified Carbon Nanotubes through a Soil Column

Summary

Surface properties of a nanoparticle are important for their interaction with the surrounding medium. Therefore the surface modification of carbon nanotubes can be critical for their transport and retention through porous media. Here, lab scale column experiments are used to understand the possible transport and retention of these nanoparticles.

Abstract

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are widely manufactured nanoparticles, which are being utilized in a number of consumer products, such as sporting goods, electronics and biomedical applications. Due to their accelerating production and use, CNTs constitute a potential environmental risk if they are released to soil and groundwater systems. It is therefore essential to improve the current understanding of environmental fate and transport of CNTs. The transport and retention of CNTs in both natural and artificial media have been reported in literature, but the findings widely vary and are thus not conclusive. There are a number of physical and chemical parameters responsible for variation in retention and transport. In this study, a complete procedure of selected multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is presented starting from their surface modification to a complete set of laboratory column experiments at critical physical and chemical scenarios. Results indicate that the stability of the commercially available MWCNTs are critical with their attached surface functional group which can also influence the transport and retention of MWCNT through the surrounding medium.

Introduction

With the recent development in nanotechnology that uses various types of nanoparticles to improve a number of technologies in industries such as information technology, energy, environmental science, medicine, homeland security, food safety, and transportation; a thorough understanding of the transport and retention of nanoparticles in soil and groundwater is critical for risk assessment as well as environmental applications of engineered nanoparticles^1-3. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are one of the most produced carbon-based nanoparticles^2,4. CNTs are the long and cylindrical form of graphene with a diameter typically below 100 nm....

Protocol

1. Functionalization of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes

1. Perform the entire functionalization step inside a fume hood, using safety eye glasses, gloves and lab coat. Measure 24 ml of sulfuric acid and 8 ml of nitrate acid using a graduated cylinder, and then transfer them into a beaker. Add 32 mg of untreated MWCNTs into a beaker using tin foil container at an analytical balance (final concentration should be 1 mg/ml of acid mixture).
2. First, keep the beaker with MWCNT and acid mixture in the ultrasonic cleaner (bath) for 2 hr at RT. Then, heat and stir the MWCNT-acid solution for 5 hr at 90 °C using a hot plate.
3. Filter the C....

Results

Effect of MWCNT Functionalization

The functionalized and dispersed MWCNT solution was sealed in the beaker to allow the solution to reach equilibrium. There was neither sedimentation nor aggregation observed in the stock solution after sonication, as the hydrodynamic diameter of MWCNT (1,619 ± 262 nm) in the solution remained the same for six months of sonication (Figure 2). To investigate the effect of functionalization of MWCNTs on their mobility, two sets o.......

Discussion

Effect of MWCNT Functionalization

As Figure 2 confirms the stability of functionalized MWCNTs, the observed difference in eluted volume of MWCNT was due to functionalization and particularly due to the addition of carboxyl (-COOH) groups to the surface of the MWCNTs (Figures 3 and 4). In the similar functionalization process, the presence of oxygen was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy¹⁴. It has been fou.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
MWCNT	Cheap Tubes Inc., USA	sku-03040304	Purchased as semi-functionlized powder
Quartz sand	Sibelco Nordic, Baskarp, Sweden	B44	Purchased with more than 91% silica sand
H2SO4	VWR	1.01833.2500	95%-97% purity
HNO3	VWR	1.00441.1000	70% purity
HCl	VWR	1.00317.2500	37%-38% purity
H2O2	VWR	23615.248	30% purity
NaCl	VWR	1.06404.0500	99.5% purity
NaOH	Sigma-Aldrich	S8045-500G	99.99% pur pellets
Ultrasonic Homogenizer	Biologics Inc. Manassas, Virginia	Model 3000, 0-127-0002	Operated for fix time interval
Sonicator (bath)	Kerry Ultrasonic Ltd	1808	Common bath sonicator
Peristaltic pump	Ismantec, Glattbrugg, Switzerland	ISM931	Work with tygon tubing in the pump
Spectrophotometer	Hach Lange	DR500, LPV408.99.0001	Operate with manual cuvette as well as automated sampling
pH meter	Metrohm	781	pH analysis
Glass column	Chromaflex	420830-1510	Column with adjustable cap
Fraction collector	Spectrum Labs Europe	CF-2, 124846	Fixed at regular interval of time
Fraction collector tubes	VWR	212-9599	6 ml volume glass tube
Hot plate stir	Thermo Scientific	SP131320-33	Adjustable tempurature
Oven	Elektro Helios	259	For oven dry of sand
Balance	Mettler Toledo	AE 160	For accurate weight