A Mouse Model for Laser-induced Choroidal Neovascularization

Summary

Here, we present the mouse laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) protocol, an experimental model that re-creates the vascular hallmarks of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Once mastered, it can reliably and effectively induce CNV as a model system to test various experimental measures.

Abstract

The mouse laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) model has been a crucial mainstay model for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) research. By administering targeted laser injury to the RPE and Bruch’s membrane, the procedure induces angiogenesis, modeling the hallmark pathology observed in neovascular AMD.

First developed in non-human primates, the laser-induced CNV model has come to be implemented into many other species, the most recent of which being the mouse. Mouse experiments are advantageously more cost-effective, experiments can be executed on a much faster timeline, and they allow the use of various transgenic models. The miniature size of the mouse eye, however, poses a particular challenge when performing the procedure. Manipulation of the eye to visualize the retina requires practice of fine dexterity skills as well as simultaneous hand-eye-foot coordination to operate the laser. However, once mastered, the model can be applied to study many aspects of neovascular AMD such as molecular mechanisms, the effect of genetic manipulations, and drug treatment effects.

The laser-induced CNV model, though useful, is not a perfect model of the disease. The wild-type mouse eye is otherwise healthy, and the chorio-retinal environment does not mimic the pathologic changes in human AMD. Furthermore, injury-induced angiogenesis does not reflect the same pathways as angiogenesis occurring in an age-related and chronic disease state as in AMD.

Despite its shortcomings, the laser-induced CNV model is one of the best methods currently available to study the debilitating pathology of neovascular AMD. Its implementation has led to a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of AMD, as well as contributing to the development of many of the AMD therapies currently available.

Introduction

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading causes of blindness in individuals over the age of 50^1-3. AMD can be classified into two forms: atrophic (“dry”) AMD and neovascular (“wet”) AMD. The former is characterized by geographic atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), choriocapillaris, and photoreceptors, while the latter is characterized by the invasion of abnormal vessels from the choroid into the outer retinal layers causing leakage, hemorrhage, and fibrosis, and ultimately leading to blindness^1,2. Of the two forms, neovascular AMD accounts for the majority of vision loss¹. Fortun....

Protocol

All animals are treated in accordance with the Guide of the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals 2013 Edition, the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research, and as approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee for Northwestern University.

Note: The following procedure can be done entirely with one operator; however, it is much more efficiently conducted with two operators with the tasks split accordingly.

1. Prepare Laser and Pre-laser Station

1. Position the laser and slit lamp where it can be easily access....

Results

Quantification of CNV lesions can be performed through analysis of flat-mounted choroids using immunofluorescence staining to label the CNV vessels. The two most frequently employed methods of tissue preparation are FITC-dextran labeling, done via perfusion immediately before animal sacrifice, or post-mortem immuno-staining with an endothelial cell marker. Both of these methods have been described previously in detail^13,14,21; Figures 1 and 2 show examples of each, respectivel.......

Discussion

There are multiple factors that can affect laser delivery and resultant CNV lesion development after successful laser-induction. These factors should be controlled for and standardized in order to have the most reliable results. The most pertinent of these factors are mouse selection (genotype, age, and sex), anesthetic selection, and laser settings.

The specific mouse model used can have a significant effect on the course of CNV development. The most widely used genotype is the C57BL/6 mouse........

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
532 nm (green) argon ophthalmic laser	IRIDEX	GLx	any ophthalmic 532 nm (green) argon laser can be used
slit lamp	Carl Zeiss	30SL-M	any slit lamp can be used as long as it is compatible with the laser
tribromoethanol	Sigma	T48402-25G	used to make anesthetic
tert-amyl alcohol	Sigma	152463-1L	used to make anesthetic
amber glass vials + septa	Wheaton	WH-223696	tribromoethanol storage
tissue wipes	VWR	82003-820	miscellaneous
1% Tropicamide	Falcon Pharmaceuticals	RXD2974251	pupillary dilation
0.5% Tetracaine hydrochloride	Alcon	0065-0741-12	topical anesthesia
artificial tears	Alcon	58768-788-25	hydration
heat therapy pump (for animal warming)	Kent Scientific	HTP-1500	used to maintain animal body temp
warming pad	Kent Scientific	TPZ-0510EA	maintains animal body temperature
30 G insulin needles	BD	328418	IP anesthesia injection
scale	American Weigh Scale	AWS-1KG-BLK	mouse weighing
cover slip (25 mm x 25 mm)	VWR	48366089	flatten cornea to visualize mouse retina
xylazine	obtained from institution	obtained from institution	anesthesia
ketamine	obtained from institution	obtained from institution	anesthesia
Volocity	PerkinElmer		used for volumetric re-construction
ImageJ	National Institutes of Health		used for image analysis