Automated Quantification and Analysis of Cell Counting Procedures Using ImageJ Plugins

Summary

This paper describes the quantification of hemocytometer and migration/invasion micrographs through two new open-source ImageJ plugins Cell Concentration Calculator and migration assay Counter. Furthermore, it describes image acquisition and calibration protocols as well as discusses in detail the input requirements of the plugins.

Abstract

The National Institute of Health's ImageJ is a powerful, freely available image processing software suite. ImageJ has comprehensive particle analysis algorithms which can be used effectively to count various biological particles. When counting large numbers of cell samples, the hemocytometer presents a bottleneck with regards to time. Likewise, counting membranes from migration/invasion assays with the ImageJ plugin Cell Counter, although accurate, is exceptionally labor intensive, subjective, and infamous for causing wrist pain. To address this need, we developed two plugins within ImageJ for the sole task of automated hemocytometer (or known volume) and migration/invasion cell counting. Both plugins rely on the ability to acquire high quality micrographs with minimal background. They are easy to use and optimized for quick counting and analysis of large sample sizes with built-in analysis tools to help calibration of counts. By combining the core principles of Cell Counter with an automated counting algorithm and post-counting analysis, this greatly increases the ease with which migration assays can be processed without any loss of accuracy.

Introduction

In vitro cell counting is an important basic technique in a wide range of tissue culture experiments. Accurately determining the number of cells in a culture is essential for experimental reproducibility and standardization^1,2. Cell counting can be performed manually using a hemocytometer as well as using a variety of automated methods, each with their own advantages and disadvantages^3,4,5. Most of the automated methods for cell counting belong to one of two classes, those that use the Coulter principle or flow cytometry. Coulter counters take advantage of cells electrical resistance to determine cell number and size. They are fast, accu....

Protocol

1. Compound Microscope and Camera Setup (Cell Concentration Calculator)

1. Increase bulb brightness to full with the light adjustment knob, switch to the 4X objective lens, and ensure phase contrast filters are selected.
   NOTE: Any inverted phase contrast microscope for tissue culture with a dark background, e.g., PhP phase contrast, can be used following standard microscope and camera procedures.
2. Within the microscope's software, set image capture settings to default values.
   NOTE: Refer to the microscope's user manual to find the location of these settings.
   1. Set 'brightness', 'contrast', and ....

Results

Cell Concentration Calculator

Figure 1 presents the overall process of CCC calibration and countable image acquisition. Figure 1A and 1B depict the P-square calibration image and calculation of P-square length in pixels. CCC determines cell concentration in a given volume using the formula:

Discussion

Critical Steps, Troubleshooting, and Limitations

The very nature of automated computational methods, specifically those of particle analysis, necessitates the mathematical ability to define these particles. Consequently, the accuracy of both Cell Concentration Calculator and migration assay counter is majorly dependent on image fidelity, that is, how closely the captured image resembles the cell sample or migration assay membrane. It is therefore of the upmost importance to follow microscope and .......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
HyClone Classical Liquid Media: RPMI 1640 - With L-Glutamine	Fisher Scientific	SH3002702	Cell culturing media
Fetal bovian serum (FBS)	GIBCO BRL	P00015	Media suppliment
HTR8/SVneo trophoblast cell line	Cells were obtained from Dr. Charles Graham (Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada)		Software is designed to work with any cell line.
Trypsin	GIBCO BRL	27250-018	Prepared as 0.20% (w/v) in 10 µM EDTA 1x PBS
Accutase	Innovative Cell Technologies	AT104
10 cm cell culture plates	SARSTEDT	833902	Any tissue culture treated plates will be suitable
Transwell Polyester Membrane Inserts - 8.0 µm Pore size	Costar 3422 ordered from Fisher Scientific	7200150	For 24-well plates; Pore size: 8.0 µm; 6.5 mm diameter; 0.33 cm2 growth area
HARLECO Hematology Stains and Reagents, EMD Millipore - Soluntions 1, 2 & 3	EMD Millipore and ordered from VWR	65044A, B, & C	Hemacolor stain set consists of three 500 ml (16.9 oz.) poly bottles & includes a methanol fixative (Solution 1), an eosin or acid stain (Solution 2), and a methylene blue or basic stain (Solution 3)
Cotton Tipped Applicator	Puritan Medical	806-WC
Single-edge industrial razor blades	VWR	55411 - 055	Thickness: 0.30 mm (0.012")
Microscope Slides - Precleaned/Plain	Fisher Scientific	12550A3	Dimentions: 25 mm x 75 mm x 1.0 mm
Fisherbrand Cover Glasses - Rectangles no. 1	Fisher Scientific	12-545E	Thickness: 0.13 to 0.17 mm; Size: 50 mm x 22 mm
Fisher Chemical Permount Mounting Medium	Fisher Scientific	SP15-500
Leica Stereo dissecting microscope	Leica Microsystems		The microsope is equipped with Leica microscope camera Model MC170 HD & camera software is Leica App. Suite (LAS E2) Version 3.1.1 [Build: 490]. Microscope parts:  LED3000 Spot Light Illumination Model: MEB126, Leica M80 Optic Carrier Model M80, Objective achromat 1.0X, WD=90 mm Model: MOB306 & Objective achromat 0.32X, WD=303 mm Model: MOB315, Video Objective 0.5X Model: MTU-293
Hemacytometer	Assistant Germany		0.100 mm Depth - 0.0025 mm2
Olympus inverted light microscope	Olympus Corporation	CKX41SF	The microsope is equipped with Lumenera Infinity 1-2 2.0 Megapixel CMOS Color Camera & camera software is Infinity analyze Version 6.5.2
Laminar flow cabinet 1300 Series A2	Thermo Scientific	Model: 1375	Any laminar flow cabinet for cell culture work will be suitable
Cell culture incubator	Thermo Scientific	Model: 370	Any cell culture incubator will be suitable - Cells were cultured under humidefied environment, 5% CO2, 37 °C
ImageJ	NIH	Version 1.50e	Minimum version required
Java Runtime Environment	Oracle	Version 1.8.0_66	Minimum version required