Summary

MicroRNA-baserede Regulering af Picornavirus Tropisme

Published: February 06, 2017
doi:

Summary

We describe here a method for regulating picornavirus tropism by incorporating sequences complementary to specific microRNAs into the viral genome. This protocol can be adapted to all different classes of viruses with modifications based upon the length and nature of their life cycle.

Abstract

Cell-specific restriction of viral replication without concomitant attenuation can benefit vaccine development, gene therapy, oncolytic virotherapy, and understanding the biological properties of viruses. There are several mechanisms for regulating viral tropism, however they tend to be virus class specific and many result in virus attenuation. Additionally, many viruses, including picornaviruses, exhibit size constraints that do not allow for incorporation of large amounts of foreign genetic material required for some targeting methods. MicroRNAs are short, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression in eukaryotic cells by binding complementary target sequences in messenger RNAs, preventing their translation or accelerating their degradation. Different cells exhibit distinct microRNA signatures and many microRNAs serve as biomarkers. These differential expression patterns can be exploited for restricting gene expression in cells that express specific microRNAs while maintaining expression in cells that do not. In regards to regulating viral tropism, sequences complementary to specific microRNAs are incorporated into the viral genome, generally in the 3′ non-coding regions, targeting them for destruction in the presence of the cognate microRNAs thus preventing viral gene expression and/or replication. MicroRNA-targeting is a technique that theoretically can be applied to all viral vectors without altering the potency of the virus in the absence of the corresponding microRNAs. Here we describe experimental methods associated with generating a microRNA-targeted picornavirus and evaluating the efficacy and specificity of that targeting in vitro. This protocol is designed for a rapidly replicating virus with a lytic replication cycle, however, modification of the time points analyzed and the specific virus titration readouts used will aid in the adaptation of this protocol to many different viruses.

Introduction

Udviklingen af ​​et bredt anvendelig, let og effektiv metode til at manipulere en vektor med begrænset tropisme giver en stor mulighed for at øge sikkerheden, biologiske forståelse og terapeutisk nytte af virus. Adskillige mekanismer eksisterer for at målrette viral tropisme herunder transduktionelle, transkriptionelle og translationelle-baserede teknikker. Disse fremgangsmåder er imidlertid ikke generelt anvendelig til alle vektorsystemer, kan kræve defekte signalveje i målrettede celler eller kræver insertion af store kodende sekvenser i det virale genom. Derudover kan disse metoder resulterer i svækkelse af viruset, signifikant hæmmer deres terapeutiske aktivitet og begrænsende indsigt i det umodificerede system.

MikroRNA'er er små (22-25 nukleotider), ikke-kodende RNA'er som medierer gendæmpning i eukaryote celler. MikroRNA'er funktion ved binding komplementære målsekvenser (udsendelse) i messenger-RNA'er (mRNA) resulti ng i udskrift destabilisering, forringelse eller translationel undertrykkelse. MikroRNA'er normalt binder respons elementer med delvis komplementaritet og give små ændringer i genekspression 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Flere signifikante ændringer i genekspression kan opnås ved at øge komplementariteten af svaret element 6. Tusinder af modne microRNA er blevet identificeret i en række forskellige arter og mange udviser differentielle ekspressionsmønstre i forskellige celle- og vævstyper 7, 8, 9. Disse microRNA signaturer kan udnyttes til cellespecifik begrænsning af virusamplifikation ved inkorporering perfekt komplementære responselementer i det virale genom 10,= "xref"> 11, 12, 13. Det overordnede mål med denne microRNA-targeting teknik er at styre tropisme af en vektor genom uden yderligere dæmpning.

Anvendeligheden af denne fremgangsmåde til regulering viral tropisme blev oprindeligt påvist i lentivirusvektorer at begrænse transgen ekspression i specifikke væv 14, 15, 16. Denne teknik er efterfølgende blevet anvendt på en bred vifte af replikerende og ikke-replikerende virale vektorer for øget genterapi samt at forbedre de sikkerhedsmæssige profiler af mange onkolytiske virus ved at fjerne uønskede toksiciteter i normale væv 10, 11, 12, 13, 17 . Det har også været anvendt til at generere en sikker og eFFEKTIV levende svækkede vacciner samt at forbedre virus og vaccine fremstillingsprocesser 18, 19, 20, 21. MicroRNA målretning af en vektor kan give mulighed for dæmpning i vaccinerede værter eller målrettede systemer samtidig opretholde vildtype vækstrater i producentpriserne systemer. MicroRNA-targeting kan også bruges til at forbedre biosikkerhed af virus med henblik på forskning ved at begrænse transmissionen i én art (f.eks mennesker), samtidig med at transmission i andre værter 22. Endelig microRNA-targeting kan tillade dybdegående analyser af virale livscyklus og specifikke roller celletyper i patogenese og immunitet ved adskillelse viral vækst 23, 24, 25, 26.

Denne teknik giver en alternative målrettet metode, der let implementeres og gælder for alle virus systemer. Derudover stadigt voksende samling af modne microRNA med differentierede udtryk mønstre i specifikke celletyper gør denne teknik meget alsidigt. MicroRNA målretning har vist effektiv til mange forskellige virus systemer uden at kompromittere systemets funktion. De vigtigste begrænsninger ved denne teknik omfatter trial and error optimering, for muligheden for udslip mutationer, og potentielle ikke-tilsigtede virkninger på endogene transskripter. Imidlertid kan disse begrænsninger generelt overvindes med optimeret og rationel responselement design. Positiv-sense RNA-virus tendens til at være særligt lydhøre over for microRNA-targeting følge af den positive-sense orientering af deres genom og tilgængeligheden af ​​udskrifter til microRNA maskiner under helt cytoplasmatisk replikation cyklus. Her beskriver vi en protokol til at generere en microRNA målrettet picornavirus og experimEntal metoder til at kontrollere effektiviteten og specificiteten af denne målretning in vitro.

Protocol

1. Kloning microRNA udendelse i virusgenomet Design microRNA respons element indsatser. Identificere det ønskede microRNA og dens tilsvarende målsekvens. Flere databaser er tilgængelige med modne microRNA-sekvenser. Anbefalet: http://www.mirbase.org/ 9, 27, 28, 29, 30. Klone responselementet …

Representative Results

Tabel 1 viser resultater er typiske for en titrering analyse for et picornavirus og beskriver, hvordan man beregner 50% vævskultur infektiøs dosis. En skematisk fremstilling af det samlede koncept af microRNA-baserede regulering af viral tropisme beskrevet i dette manuskript er vist i figur 1. Orienteringen af microRNA til responselement under intracellulære interaktioner, korrekt udformning af responselement oligonukleotider til annealing og plasmid …

Discussion

Udformningen, sammensætning og lokalisering af microRNA responselementer inden det virale genom vil diktere målretning effekt og specificitet. Optimering disse vil kræve trial and error. Men rationelt design baseret på RNA strukturanalyse og tidligere undersøgelser af viral replikation og microRNA signaturer hjælpemidler i forbindelse med gennemførelsen af denne teknik med minimale optimering 10, 11, 12, <sup …

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Al and Mary Agnes McQuinn, the Richard M. Schulze Foundation, and an NIH Relief Grant from the Mayo Clinic funded representative work described here.

Materials

RE encoding Oligonucleotides IDT PAGE-Purified Ultramer Sequence Designed by Investigator
Oligonucleotides encoding unique restriction site IDT 25nM Sequence Designed by Investigator
Expand High Fidelity PCR Kit Sigma Aldrich 11732641001 Many other High Fidelity Polymerase PCR kits available
T4 DNA Ligase System NEB M0202S
MEGAscript Kit ThermoFisher Scientific AM1333
MEGAclear Kit ThermoFisher Scientific AM1908
0.5 M EDTA ThermoFisher Scientific AM9260G RNase-free
5 M NH4 Acetate ThermoFisher Scientific N/A Comes in MEGAclear Kit
Ethanol ThermoFisher Scientific BP2818100
Nuclease-free Water Fisher Scientific AM9938
TransIT-2020 Transfection Reagent Mirus MIR 5404
TransIT-mRNA Transfection Reagent Mirus MIR 2225
0.2 μm syringe filter Millipore SLGP033RS
2mL Screw-Cap Tubes Sarstedt 72.694.005
Cell Scrapers Fisher Scientific 08-100-241
MicroRNA Mimics Dharmacon Varied
MTT Cell Proliferation Assay ATCC 30-1010K
Subcloning Efficiency DH5α Competent Cells ThermoFisher Scientific 18265017
pBlueScript II Vectors Agilent Technologies Variable (e.g. 212205) There are different plasmids with T7 or T3 promoters and variable cloning sites to enable cloning and RNA transcription.

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Cite This Article
Ruiz, A. J., Russell, S. J. MicroRNA-based Regulation of Picornavirus Tropism. J. Vis. Exp. (120), e55033, doi:10.3791/55033 (2017).

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