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Environment

Choice and No-Choice Bioassays to Study the Pupation Preference and Emergence Success of Ectropis grisescens

Published: October 30, 2018 doi: 10.3791/58126
Automatic Translation
1, 1, 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 1, 1, 1
1Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovation Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, 2College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, 3Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 4College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, 5College of Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University

Summary

Here, we present a protocol to investigate the pupation preference of mature larvae of Ectropis grisescens in response to soil factors (e.g., substrate type and moisture content) using choice bioassays. We also present a protocol of no-choice bioassays to determine the factors that affect the pupation behaviors and survivorship of E. grisescens.

Abstract

Many insects live above the ground as larvae and adults and as pupate below the ground. Compared to the above-ground stages of their life cycles, less attention has been paid on how environmental factors affect these insects when they pupate within the soil. The tea looper, Ectropis grisescens Warren (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), is a severe pest of tea plants and has caused huge economic losses in South China. The protocols described here aim to investigate, through multiple-choice bioassays, whether mature last-instar E. grisescens larvae can discriminate soil variables such as the substrate type and moisture content, and determine, through no-choice bioassays, the impact of the substrate type and moisture content on pupation behaviors and the emergence success of E. grisescens. The results would enhance the understanding of the pupation ecology of E. grisescens and may bring insights into soil-management tactics for suppressing E. grisescens populations. In addition, these bioassays can be modified to study the influences of various factors on the pupation behaviors and survivorship of soil-pupating pests.

Introduction

Compared to the larval and adult stages of insects, the pupal stage is highly vulnerable due to the limited mobile ability of pupae, which cannot rapidly escape from dangerous situations. Pupating below the ground is a common strategy used by diverse groups of insects (e.g., in the orders Diptera1,2,3,4, Coleoptera5, Hymenoptera6, Thysanoptera7, and Lepidoptera8,9,10,11,12) to protect them from above-ground predators and environmental hazards. Many of them are severe agricultural and forestry pests1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12. The mature larvae of these soil-pupating insects usually leave their hosts, fall on the ground, wander to find a proper site, burrow into the soil, and construct a pupal chamber for pupating8,10.

The tea looper, Ectropis grisescens Warren (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), is one of the most significant defoliator pests of the tea plant Camellia sinensis L.13. Although this species was first described in 1894, it has been mistakenly identified as Ectropis obliqua Prout (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in the past decades14,15. The differences in morphology, biology, and geographic distribution between the two sibling species have been described in some recent studies14,15,16. For example, Zhang et al.15 reported that E. oblique mainly occurred on the borders of three provinces (Anhui, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang) of China, whereas E. grisescens has a much wider distribution compared to E. oblique. Therefore, the economic losses caused by E. grisescens are largely overlooked, and the knowledge of this pest needs to be extensively revised and renewed16,17,18,19. Our previous studies showed that E. grisescens prefer to pupate within soil but could also pupate when soil is not available (no-pupation-substrate conditions)11,12.

This paper provides a step-by-step procedure to (1) determine the pupation preference of E. grisescens in response to factors such as substrate type and moisture content by using multiple-choice bioassays, and (2) determine the impact of abiotic factors on the pupation behaviors and emergence success of E. grisescens by using no-choice bioassays. All of these bioassays are conducted under well-controlled laboratory conditions. Also, these bioassays are adapted to evaluate the influence of other factors on the pupation behaviors and survivorship of diverse soil-pupating insects.

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Protocol

1. Moisture-choice Bioassays to Determine Pupation Preference of E. grisescens

  1. Obtaining mature last-instar larvae of E. grisescens
    1. Cut fresh shoots (30 - 40 cm in length) of tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.). Insert 25 - 30 shoots into a 250 mL triangular flask. Fill the flask with tap water. Put 3 - 4 flasks (with tea shoots) in a plastic basin (upper side: 51 cm in diameter; bottom side: 40 cm in diameter; height: 16 cm).
    2. Release 1,000 - 2,000 larvae (second to fifth instar) of the laboratory colony of E. grisescens onto the leaves of the tea shoots in each basin. Maintain these larvae at controlled laboratory conditions [a photoperiod of 14 h of light followed by 10 h of dark (14:10 L:D), 60 - 90% relative humidity (RH), and 24 - 28 °C]. Carefully transfer the larvae onto fresh leaves by hand every 1 - 2 d. Each day remove feces and debris from the bottom of the basins.
    3. Select mature last-instar larvae that fall from the leaves of the tea shoots and actively wander on the bottom of the basin. Obtain at least 240 mature larvae to ensure that enough larvae are available for the bioassays.
      NOTE: Only select actively wandering larvae for the experiments. Do not select larvae that stay on the leaves, because these are not ready to pupate. Also, do not select prepupae with limited mobile activities because they will not actively search for the proper conditions after being released into the bioassay arenas.
  2. Substrate Preparation
    1. Collect and identify 4 types of substrate (e.g., sand, sandy loam 1, sandy loam 2, and silt loam) using the hydrometer method20. Sterilize the soil and the sand at an 80 °C oven dryer for > 3 d, and then completely dry the soil and the sand at 50 °C for several weeks until the dry weight of the substrate samples does not change anymore over time.
    2. Ground the dry soil with wooden pestles and mortars. Sift the sand and the grounded soil through a 3 mm sieve and store them in sealable plastic bags.
    3. Calculate the different moisture contents of each substrate (sand, sandy loam 1, sandy loam 2, or silt loam) as follows2:
      Equation 1
    4. Add the required amount of distilled water into the sealable plastic bags containing the dry soil or sand to prepare 5%-, 20%-, 35%-, 50%-, 65%-, and 80%-moisture substrate. Thoroughly mix the distilled water and the soil or sand.
  3. Bioassay arena preparation
    1. Equally divide the polypropylene containers (upper side: 20.0 cm in length x 13.5 cm in width, bottom side: 17.0 cm in length x 10.0 cm in width, height: 6.5 cm) into 6 chambers with waterproof polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sheets (height: 3.5 cm). Fix the PVC sheets and seal the cracks using hot glue.
      NOTE: Completely seal any crack to prevent water permeation.
    2. For each test, fill the 6 chambers using the same type of substrate with different moisture contents (5%-, 20%-, 35%-, 50%-, 65%-, and 80%-moisture) (Figure 1a).
      NOTE: Only use 1 type of substrate of different moisture contents in each test. Randomly assign the order of chambers that contain the substrate with the 6 moisture contents.
    3. Paste 4 - 6 pieces of fresh tea leaves using small pieces of tape to cover the inner surface of the lids of the polypropylene containers (Figure 1b).

Figure 1
Figure 1: Examples of bioassay arenas for the choice tests. (a) Waterproof polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sheets are used to equally divide the polypropylene containers into 6 chambers. PVC sheets are fixed with hot glue, and any cracks are carefully sealed. In this example, sandy loam 2 with different moisture contents (5%, 20%, 35%, 50%, 65%, and 80% moisture) are used to fill the chambers in the randomly assigned orders. (b) Fresh tea leaves are pasted on the inner side of the lids where the mature Ectropis grisescens larvae will be released. (c) PVC sheets are used to equally divide the polypropylene containers into 4 chambers, which are filled with 4 types of substrates (sand, sandy loam 1, sandy loam 2, and silt loam) at 50% moisture. This figure has been modified from Wang et al.11. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

  1. Bioassay setting and data recording
    1. Release 30 mature last-instar larvae (obtained in step 1.1.3) onto the fresh tea leaves pasted on the lid of the polypropylene container. Carefully overturn the lid and tightly cover the polypropylene container.
    2. Repeat each test 8x. Maintain the bioassay arenas in an environmental chamber setting at a 14:10 (L:D) photoperiod and 26 °C.
    3. On day 5, count the number of pupae on the surface of the soil in each chamber. Also, dismantle the bioassays and count the number of pupae within the substrate.
      NOTE: Only count the live pupae on or within the substrate. Check the pupae viability by observing abdominal motions after touching the pupae using forceps.
  2. Data analyses
    1. For each test, calculate the percentage of pupae found in each chamber of each replicate. Transfer the percentage data to the log-ratio using the method provided by Kucera and Malmgren21.
    2. Compare the percentage of pupae (transformed data) in each chamber using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Set the significance levels at α = 0.05 for each test.

2. Substrate-Choice Bioassays to Determine the Pupation Preference of E. grisescens

  1. Repeat step 1.1 to obtain mature last-instar larvae, and step 1.2 to prepare the substrate with different moisture contents. This time, only 20%, 50%, and 80%-moisture substrate are needed.
  2. Preparation of the bioassay arenas
    1. Similar to step 1.3.1, equally divide the polypropylene containers into 4 chambers using PVC sheets. Fix the PVC sheets and seal the cracks using hot glue.
    2. For each test, fill the chambers with the 4 types of substrates (sand, sandy loam 1, sandy loam 2, and silt loam) that have the same moisture content (20%, 50%, or 80% moisture) with randomly assigned orders (Figure 1c). Repeat step 1.3.3 to prepare the lids.
  3. Repeat step 1.4 to set the bioassays and record the data and step 1.5 to analyze the data.

3. No-choice Bioassays to Determine the Soil-burrowing Behavior and Emergence Success of E. grisescens

  1. Repeat step 1.1 to obtain the mature last-instar larvae, and step 1.2 to prepare the 4 substrates (sand, sandy loam 1, sandy loam 2, and silt loam) at 3 moisture contents (20%, 50%, and 80% moisture).
  2. Bioassay setting
    1. Add the substrate into a plastic container (upper side: 11.5 cm in diameter; bottom side: 8.5 cm in diameter; height: 6.5 cm) to a depth of 3 cm. In total, ensure that there will be 12 treatments (the combinations of 4 substrate types and 3 moisture contents). Repeat each treatment 7x.
    2. Release 15 mature last-instar larvae onto the substrate of each bioassay arena. Seal the containers by tightly covering the lids. Maintain the bioassays in an environmental chamber setting at a 14:10 (L:D) photoperiod and 26 °C.
      NOTE: There will be no need to paste fresh tea leaves on the lids as mentioned in the choice bioassays.
  3. Data recording and analyses
    1. On day 3, count the number of pupae and any dead larvae on the surface of the substrate of each replicate. Calculate the percentage of E. grisescens individuals that burrowed into the substrate as follows:
      Equation 2
    2. Record the number of emerging adults each day until no more adult emerged for 15 d. Calculate the emergence success as follows:
      Equation 3
    3. Compare the percentage of burrowed individuals and the emergence success among the treatments using one-way ANOVA. Set the significance levels at α = 0.05.

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Representative Results

The moisture-choice bioassays showed that significantly more E. grisescens individuals pupated on or within the 5%- and 35%-moisture sand compared to the 80%-moisture sand (Figure 2a). However, significantly more individuals preferred to pupate on or within the soil (sandy loam 1 and 2 and silt loam) that had an intermediate moisture content (Figures 2b - 2d).

Figure 2
Figure 2: Results from the moisture-choice bioassays. These panels show the percentages of live pupae found in each chamber containing different moisture contents (5%, 20%, 35%, 50%, 65%, and 80%-moisture) of (a) sand, (b) sandy loam 1, (c) sandy loam 2, or (d) silt loam. The data are presented as mean ± SE. The different letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05). This figure has been modified from Wang et al.11. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

The substrate-choice bioassays showed that sand was significantly more preferred by E. grisescens individuals compared to sandy loam (1 and 2) under the 20%-moisture condition (Figure 3a). There was no significant difference in percentages of pupae found in the chambers containing the 4 substrates at a 50%-moisture content (Figure 3b). Significantly more individuals pupated on or within the sand than on or within the other substrates under the 80%-moisture condition (Figure 3c).

Figure 3
Figure 3: Results from the substrate-choice bioassays. These panels show the percentages of live pupae found in each chamber containing sand, sandy loam 1, sandy loam 2, or silt loam at (a) a 20%-, (b) a 50%-, or (c) an 80%-moisture content. The data are presented as mean ± SE. The different letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05). This figure has been modified from Wang et al.11. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Different moisture contents of sand did not significantly affect the percentage of burrowed individuals and emergence success of E. grisescens (Figure 4a and 4b). Significantly fewer E. grisescens burrowed into dry (20% moisture) or wet (80% moisture) soil for pupating (Figure 4a). Also, significantly fewer adults emerged from 20%-moisture sandy loam 2 and silt loam than those that had pupated in 50%- or 80%-moisture sandy loam 2 and silt loam (Figure 4b).

Figure 4
Figure 4: Results from the no-choice bioassays. These panels show (a) the percentages of burrowed individuals and (b) the emergence success of Ectropis grisescens in response to different substrate types (sand, sandy loam 1, sandy loam 2, and silt loam) and moisture contents (20%, 50%, and 80%). The data are presented as mean ± SE. The different letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05). This figure has been modified from Wang et al.11. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

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Discussion

Pupation preferences responding to different soil variables have been studied in a few pests6,9,22,23. For example, to study the preference of mature larvae of Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae) among different soil moisture conditions, Hulthen and Clarke22 set a 3 x 3 Latin-square design containing 9 containers filled with soil at either 0%, 75%, or 100% field capacity, and 25 mature larvae were released onto the surface of each container. Alyokhin et al.23 placed 100 containers (filled with soil) in a wooden frame, with the 36 center containers (either dry or wet) arranged in a "chessboard" pattern, and 350 - 450 late third-instar larvae of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) were released onto the center of the 36 containers. These studies are suitable for B. tryoni and B. dorsalis larvae because most of them were recovered within the soil in the bioassay arenas22,23. However, these arenas were not covered. As a result, wandering larvae with a strong moving capacity may travel a long distance and escape from the arenas. Here, we provided a simple method to study the preference of soil-pupating insects regardless of their sizes and mobile abilities. Compared to previous studies, these bioassays are easy to set up. Also, multiple levels (e.g., > 4) of soil variable can be studied in relatively small arenas.

It is worth noting that the data obtained from the choice tests described here cannot be directly analyzed using ANOVA because the percentage data are not independent (the sum of the percentage of pupae in each chamber always equals 1, and, therefore, the increase of the percentage of pupae in 1 chamber will cause the decrease of the percentage in the remaining ones). Here, we performed the log-ratio transformation because it is a simple procedure that "effectively removes the CSC (constant-sum constraint) from any compositional data and simultaneously retains their true covariance structure"21. In the present study, the survivorship of E. grisescens pupae was high, and we only recorded the percentage of live pupae in each chamber. However, some soil-pupating pests such as the pine processionary moth, Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae), usually exhibit a high mortality during pupating24. In that case, it would be proper to count both live and dead pupae.

No-choice bioassays have been widely used to investigate the effect of soil variables on the emergence success of soil-pupation pests. The substrate types and moisture contents were the most frequently studied factors in these studies2,3,4,5,9,10,11,12. E. grisescens can either pupate within or on the substrates. As a result, we recorded the percentage of burrowed individuals. This result would be important to help understand the pupation patterns of E. grisescens.

Both the choice and the no-choice bioassays can be modified to investigate the impact of other soil factors (such as soil density, surface compactness, content of organic matters, etc.) on the preference and performance of various soil-pupating insects. In a recent work, we modified these bioassays to study (1) whether the soil treated with a chemical pesticide or biocontrol agent repel pupating E. grisescens (both live and dead pupae were counted), and (2) the effect of such treatments on the pupation behaviors (e.g., the percentage of burrowed individuals) and emergence success of E. grisescens.

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Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgments

We thank Yuzhen Wen, Shiping Liang, Shengzhe Jian, and Yanjun Li (College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University) for their help in the insect rearing and experimental set-up. This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31600516), the Guangdong Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 2016A030310445), and the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province (Grant No. 2015A020208010).

Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
Triangular flask Bomex Chemical (Shanghai) Co., LTD 99 250 mL
Plastic basin Chahua, Fuzhou, China 100 upper side: 51 cm in diameter; bottom side: 40 cm in diameter; height: 16 cm
Zip lock bags Glad, Guangzhou, China 126/133
Polypropylene containers Youyou Plastic Factory, Taian, China 139/155/160/161/190 upper side: 20.0 cm [L] × 13.5 cm [W], bottom side: 17.0 cm [L] × 10.0 cm [W], height: 6.5 cm
Waterproof polyviny chloride sheet Yidimei, Shanghai, China 141
Tape V-tech, Guangzhou, China VT-710
Oven drier Kexi, Shanghai, China KXH-202-3A
Environmental chamber Life Apparatus, Ningbo, China PSX-280H

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References

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Choice Bioassay No-choice Bioassay Ectropis Grisescens Pupation Preference Emergence Success Pupation Ecology Environmental Factors Tea Leaf Caterpillars Measuring Pupation Preference Emergence Success Fresh Shoots Triangular Flask Tap Water Plastic Basin Larvae Release Laboratory Conditions Last-instar Larvae Sterilize Soil And Sand Substrate Samples Wooden Pestle And Mortar Sieve Distilled Water PVC Sheets
Choice and No-Choice Bioassays to Study the Pupation Preference and Emergence Success of <em>Ectropis grisescens</em>
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Wang, C., Wang, H., Ma, T., Xiao,… More

Wang, C., Wang, H., Ma, T., Xiao, Q., Cao, P., Chen, X., Xiong, H., Qin, W., Sun, Z., Wen, X. Choice and No-Choice Bioassays to Study the Pupation Preference and Emergence Success of Ectropis grisescens. J. Vis. Exp. (140), e58126, doi:10.3791/58126 (2018).

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