A Laboratory Method to Measure Contagious Yawning in Rats

Summary

The method described here aims to obtain yawn contagion curves in pairs of familiar or unfamiliar male rats. Cages with holes separated by either clear or opaque partitions with (or without) holes are used to detect whether visual, olfactory, or both types of sensory cues can stimulate yawn contagion.

Abstract

Communication is an essential aspect of animal social life. Animals may influence one another and come together in schools, flocks, and herds. Communication is also the way sexes interact during courtship and how rivals settle disputes without fighting. However, there are some behavioral patterns for which it is difficult to test the existence of a communicatory function, because several types of sensory modalities are likely involved. For example, contagious yawning is a communicatory act in mammals that potentially occurs through sight, hearing, smell, or a combination of these senses depending on whether the animals are familiar to one another. Therefore, to test hypotheses about the possible communicatory role of such behaviors, a suitable method is necessary to identify the participating sensory modalities.

The method proposed here aims to obtain yawn contagion curves for familiar and unfamiliar rats and evaluate the relative participation of visual and olfactory sensory modalities. The method uses inexpensive materials, and with some minor changes, it can also be used with other rodent species such as mice. Overall, the method involves the substitution of clear dividers (with or without holes) with opaque dividers (with or without holes) that either allow or prevent communication between rats placed in adjacent cages with holes in adjoining sides. Accordingly, four conditions can be tested: olfactory communication, visual communication, both visual and olfactory communication, and neither visual nor olfactory communication. As social interaction occurs between the rats, these test conditions simulate what may occur in a natural environment. In this respect, the method proposed here is more effective than traditional methods that rely on video presentations whose biological validity can raise concerns. Nonetheless, it does not discriminate between the potential role of hearing and roles of smell and vision in yawn contagion.

Introduction

Traditionally, communicatory behavior has been studied from two perspectives. From one perspective, ethologists observe and record the behavior of animals in natural settings and attempt to recognize its adaptive value¹. The particular sense or senses involved have not been the primary interest of these studies. From another perspective, physiologists are more interested in unraveling the mechanisms by which animals communicate¹; hence, laboratory studies have provided methods to address the role that sensory modalities play in communication^2,3. These two perspec....

Protocol

The experimental protocols and animal husbandry were conducted in accordance with institutional guidelines.

1. Materials

1. Find a complete list of the materials used to implement the method in the Table of Materials. Use Figure 1 and seek expert advice to construct an inverted T-shaped table, observation cages, and cage dividers. Follow the safety indications for the use of sharp tools and potentially dangerous materials.
2. Make an inverted T-shaped table by gluing two rail-like wooden bars (45 cm length, separated 0.6 cm from each other) onto the top and in the middle of a pi....

Results

The rats were selected from a previously produced sub-line of Sprague-Dawley rats that were selected for frequent yawning (approximately 22 yawns per hour³¹). However, the nine pairs of unfamiliar and nine pairs of familiar male rats (between 2.5 and 3 months of age) used per test situation yawned approximately 12 times per hour, on average¹⁸. Therefore, the test situations to measure yawn contagion partially inhibited yawning behavior.

.......

Discussion

There are critical steps in the method that should be taken into account to obtain successful results. Familiar rats must share home cages for at least 1.5 months after weaning and before running the experiments. However, unfamiliar rats must live in separate home cages. In both cases, the pairs of rats must come from different litters but be as similar in age as possible. Regarding the observation cages, their holes should match those in the dividers, because this is the only way to guarantee olfactory contact between t.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Acrylic dividers	Handcrafted	Not available	Two dividers, one clear and one opaque, will have 24 holes each. The other two dividers, one clear and one opaque, will have no holes. See the main text for details of construction.
An R-based program	Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla	Not available	This is the program used to assess yawn contagion in rats. See the main text for information about the way the program is used.
Data sheets	The user can elaborate them	Not available	These forms will be used for the observer to record the frequency of yawning behaviour by viewing the video recordings. Alternatively, a notebook can be use provided you follow the suggestions given in the main text.
Desktop computer	Any maker	Not available	Make sure the computer has a video card capable of conveniently processing the video recordings of yawning behaviour.
Digital camcorders	Any maker	Not available	They will be used to video record yawning behaviour of each pair of rats; there will be 2 pairs of rats per experimental session.
Flash drive	Any maker	Not available	Each experimental session will last 60 min, and so you will require sufficient memory to store the video recording.
Glass cages	Handcrafted	Not available	Each cage (19 X 19 X 10 cm height) will have 24 holes (0.5 cm diameter) forming three rows in the middle of one of its sides. See the main text for more details about their construction. It is recommended to fabricate one extra cage in case one of them is accidentally broken.
Markers	Sharpie or any other maker	Not available	Permanent markers to number the rats. See the main text to see one way of using painting symbols on the rat's tail.
Pencils	Any maker	Not available	They are used by the observer to record the frequency of yawning. It is important that the observer has previously been trained to recognize yawning behaviour and operate the video player system.
R software	R Development Core Team	Not available	Download R at: http://cran.r-project.org/
Rail-like wooden bars	Handcrafted	Not available	They will be fixed in the middle of the rectangular wooden sheet  forming a track, where a second wooden sheet is placed. See the main text for additional instructions for construction.
Rectangular table	Any maker	Not available	This is the table (approximately 2 x 1 m) where the inverted T-shaped table will be placed for performing the observation of yawning behaviour.
Sprague-Dawley male rats	Any local supplier of laboratory animals	Not available	Nine pairs of male rats per test situation are necessary for each group, familiar and unfamiliar rats, because with this sample size the interindividual variation that might exist in yawning frequency will not severely affect the conclusions drawn from the statistical analysis performed to the data.
Spreadsheet software	Microsoft	Not available	Excel will be the software used to store the yawning recordings initially recorded on the data sheets. Revise the main text for instructions about the recommended way of doing the transcription.
Square filter papers	Any maker	Not available	They are used for covering the cage's bottom.
Tripods	Any maker	Not available	They will be used for fixing the camcorders in front of each pair of observation cages.
Wooden Inverted T-shaped table	Handcrafted	Not available	Read the instructions in the main text to see the way of constructing it. If preferred, a different material to wood can be used. Make sure any material is as resistant as possible to the transmission of ultrasounds, which the rats might use for communication.