A High-Throughput In Situ Method for Estimation of Hepatocyte Nuclear Ploidy in Mice

Summary

We present a robust, cost-effective, and flexible method for measuring changes in hepatocyte number and nuclear ploidy within fixed/cryopreserved tissue samples that does not require flow cytometry. Our approach provides a powerful sample-wide signature of liver cytology ideal for tracking the progression of liver injury and disease.

Abstract

When the liver is injured, hepatocyte numbers decrease, while cell size, nuclear size and ploidy increase. The expansion of non-parenchymal cells such as cholangiocytes, myofibroblasts, progenitors and inflammatory cells also indicate chronic liver damage, tissue remodeling and disease progression. In this protocol, we describe a simple high-throughput approach for calculating changes in the cellular composition of the liver that are associated with injury, chronic disease and cancer. We show how information extracted from two-dimensional (2D) tissue sections can be used to quantify and calibrate hepatocyte nuclear ploidy within a sample and enable the user to locate specific ploidy subsets within the liver in situ. Our method requires access to fixed/frozen liver material, basic immunocytochemistry reagents and any standard high-content imaging platform. It serves as a powerful alternative to standard flow cytometry techniques, which require disruption of freshly collected tissue, loss of spatial information and potential disaggregation bias.

Introduction

Hepatocytes in the mammalian liver can undergo stalled cytokinesis to produce binuclear cells, and DNA endoreplication to produce polyploid nuclei containing up to 16N DNA content. Overall cellular and nuclear ploidy increase during postnatal development, ageing and in response to diverse cellular stresses¹. The process of polyploidization is dynamic and reversible², although its precise biological function remains unclear³. Increased ploidy is associated with reduced proliferative capacity⁴, genetic diversity², adaptation to chronic injury

Protocol

All animal experiments were previously approved by the CIPF ethics committee. Mice were housed in a pathogen-free facility at the Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (Valencia, Spain), registered as an experimental animal breeder, user, and supply centre (reg. no. ES 46 250 0001 002) under current applicable European and Spanish animal welfare regulations (RD 53/2013).

1. Tissue harvesting and sample preparation

NOTE: This protocol describes how to freeze tissue without prior fixation or cryopreservation. For previously fixed/cryopreserved samples proceed to section 2 and omit step 3.1. All analyses have been p....

Results

This method has been used to measure the impact of cholestatic injury on the adult mouse liver by feeding animals for 0−21 days with a hepatotoxic diet containing 0.1% 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC)¹⁷. Chronic DDC feeding results in hepatocellular injury increased ploidy and periportal expansion of NPCs. The user should be aware that mouse strain and age-dependent differences may exist in nuclear ploidy and that all analyses have been performed usi.......

Discussion

A high-content, high-throughput approach for the analysis of tissue remodeling and estimation of hepatocyte nuclear ploidy in the murine liver is described. Once familiar with the procedure, a user can process, image and analyze multiple samples in a 3−5 day period, generating large testable datasets that provide a detailed signature of liver health. Given the simplicity of the sample preparation method, together with the large numbers of cells and tissue area analyzed (on average 14 mm²/sample), results.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
3,5-diethoxycarboxynl-1,4-dihydrocollidine diet (DDC)	TestDiet	1810704	Modified LabDiet mouse diet 5015 with 0.1% DDC
Alexa Fluor 488 donkey anti-goat IgG (H+L)	Invitrogen	A11055	Dilution 1:500
Bovine Serum Albumin	Sigma-Aldrich	A7906
Cryostat Leica CM1850 UV	Leica biosystems	CM1850 UV	Tissue sectioning
Fluorescent Mounting medium	Dako	S3023
GraphPad Prism	GraphPad Software	Prism 8	Statistical software for graphing data
Hoechst 33342	Sigma-Aldrich	B2261	Final concentration 5 µg/mL
IN Cell Analyzer 1000	GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences Corp		High-Content Cellular Imaging and Analysis System
MATLAB	MathWorks	R2019a	Data analytics software for automated analysis of nuclear ploidy
Microscope coverslides	VWR International	630-2864	Size of 24 x 60 mm
Microsoft Office Excel	Microsoft		Speadsheet software
OCT Tissue Tek	Pascual y Furió	4583
Paraformaldehyde	Panreac AppliChem	141451.121
Pen for immunostaining	Sigma-Aldrich	Z377821-1EA	5mm tip width
Polysine Microscope Slides	VWR International	631-0107
Rabbit polyclonal Anti-HNF4α	Thermo Fisher Scientific	PA5-79380	Dilution 1:250 (alternative)
Rabit polyclonal Anti-HNF4α	Santa Cruz Biotechnology	sc-6556	Dilution 1:200 (antibody used in the study)
Tween 20	Sigma-Aldrich	P5927