Stereological Estimation of Cholinergic Fiber Length in the Nucleus Basalis of Meynert of the Mouse Brain

Summary

Neuronal fiber length within a three-dimensional structure of a brain region is a reliable parameter to quantify specific neuronal structural integrity or degeneration. This article details a stereological quantification method to measure cholinergic fiber length within the nucleus basalis of Meynert in mice as an example.

Abstract

The length of cholinergic or other neuronal axons in various brain regions are often correlated with the specific function of the region. Stereology is a useful method to quantify neuronal profiles of various brain structures. Here we provide a software-based stereology protocol to estimate the total length of cholinergic fibers in the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) of the basal forebrain. The method uses a space ball probe for length estimates. The cholinergic fibers are visualized by choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunostaining with the horseradish peroxidase-diaminobenzidine (HRP-DAB) detection system. The staining protocol is also valid for fiber and cell number estimation in various brain regions using stereology software. The stereology protocol can be used for estimation of any linear profiles such as cholinoceptive fibers, dopaminergic/catecholaminergic fibers, serotonergic fibers, astrocyte processes, or even vascular profiles.

Introduction

Quantitative estimates of length and/or density of nerve fibers in the brain are important parameters of neuropathological studies. The length of cholinergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic axons in various brain regions are often correlated with the specific functions of the region. Because the distribution of these axons is generally heterogeneous, design-based stereology is used to avoid bias during sampling. The space ball probe of stereology has been designed to provide efficient and reliable measures of line-like structures such as neuronal fibers in a region of interest¹. The probe makes a virtual sphere that is imposed systematically in....

Protocol

All procedures for using these animals have been approved by the Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Eighteen-month-old mice overexpressing Swedish mutant beta-amyloid precursor protein (APPswe) and their C57/BL6 WT littermates were used for the experiments. Details of breeding and genotyping is given in He et al.⁸.

1. Perfusion and tissue processing

1. Anesthetize mice using an intraperitoneal injection with ketamine (100 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg). Pinch toes to confirm a lack of response before continuing⁹.
2. Transcar....

Results

Representative results are shown in Table 1 and Figure 5. Group C, which was decoded as APPswe group (APP), had significantly lower fiber length (Figure 5B) and fiber length density (Figure 5C) compared to their wild type (WILD) littermates. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the volume of the NBM between the two groups analyzed (Figu.......

Discussion

Here we demonstrate a method to estimate the density of cholinergic fibers in the NBM using a space ball (sphere) probe. This probe estimates the total fiber length in the region of interest. The total length can be divided by the volume of the region to get the fiber density. To estimate the volume of the region, the Cavalieri point count method was used. The Cavalieri point count method is an unbiased and efficient estimator of a 3D reference volume for any region. The method calculates an estimate of the area on a cut.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
ABC kit	Vector Laboratories	PK6100
Anti-ChAT Antibody	Millipore, MA, USA	AB144P
Bovine anti-goat IgG-B	Santacruz Biotechnology	SC-2347
Bovine Serum, Adult	Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA	B9433
Cryostat	Lieca Microsystems, Buffalo Grove, IL, USA
Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline	Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA	D5652
Ethylene Glycol	Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA	324558
Glycerol	Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA	G2025
Hydrogen Peroxide	Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA	H1009
Immpact-DAB kit	Vector Laboratories	SK4105	Enhanced DAB peroxidase substrate solution
Ketamine	Westward Pharmaceuticals, NJ, USA	0143-9509-01
Microscope	Lieca Microsystems, Buffalo Grove, IL, USA	AF6000	Equipped with motorized stage and IMI-tech color digital camera
Optimum cutting temperature (O.C.T.) embedding medium	Electron Microscopy Sciences, PA, USA	62550-12
Paraformaldehyde	Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA	P6148
Permount mounting medium	Electron Microscopy Sciences, PA, USA	17986-01
Stereologer Software	Stereology Resource Center, Inc. St. Petersburg, FL, USA	Stereologer2000	Installed on a Dell Desktop computer.
Triton X-100	Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA	T8787
Trizma Base	Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA	T1503	Tris base
Trizma hydrochloride	Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA	T5941	Tris hydrochloride
Xylazine	Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany	Rompun
Xylenes, Histological grade	Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO	534056