Direct-Coupled Electroretinogram (DC-ERG) for Recording the Light-Evoked Electrical Responses of the Mouse Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Summary

Here, we present a method for recording light-evoked electrical responses of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in mice using a technique known as DC-ERGs first described by Marmorstein, Peachey, and colleagues in the early 2000s.

Abstract

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a specialized monolayer of cells strategically located between the retina and the choriocapillaris that maintain the overall health and structural integrity of the photoreceptors. The RPE is polarized, exhibiting apically and basally located receptors or channels, and performs vectoral transport of water, ions, metabolites, and secretes several cytokines.

In vivo noninvasive measurements of RPE function can be made using direct-coupled ERGs (DC-ERGs). The methodology behind the DC-ERG was pioneered by Marmorstein, Peachey, and colleagues using a custom-built stimulation recording system and later demonstrated using a commercially available system. The DC-ERG technique uses glass capillaries filled with Hank’s buffered salt solution (HBSS) to measure the slower electrical responses of the RPE elicited from light-evoked concentration changes in the subretinal space due to photoreceptor activity. The prolonged light stimulus and length of the DC-ERG recording make it vulnerable to drift and noise resulting in a low yield of useable recordings. Here, we present a fast, reliable method for improving the stability of the recordings while reducing noise by using vacuum pressure to reduce/eliminate bubbles that result from outgassing of the HBSS and electrode holder. Additionally, power line artifacts are attenuated using a voltage regulator/power conditioner. We include the necessary light stimulation protocols for a commercially available ERG system as well as scripts for analysis of the DC-ERG components: c-wave, fast oscillation, light peak, and off response. Due to the improved ease of recordings and rapid analysis workflow, this simplified protocol is particularly useful in measuring age-related changes in RPE function, disease progression, and in the assessment of pharmacological intervention.

Introduction

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a monolayer of specialized cells that line the posterior segment of the eye and exert critical functions to maintain retinal homeostasis¹. The RPE supports photoreceptors by regenerating their photon-capturing visual pigment in a process called the visual cycle², by participating in the diurnal phagocytosis of shed outer segment tips³, and in the transport of nutrients and metabolic products between photoreceptors and the choriocapillaris^4,5. Abnormalities in RPE function underlie numerous human reti....

Protocol

This protocol follows the animal care guidelines outlined in the animal study protocol approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of the National Eye Institute.

1. Importing light stimulation protocols for DC-ERG

NOTE: Follow the directions below to import the light stimulation protocols for the DC-ERG into the ERG system software (Table of Materials). The protocol consists of a 0.5 min pre-stimulus interval, followed by a step of light (10 cd/m²) for 7 min, and ending with a 1.5 min post-stimulus interval. The light intensity of 10 cd/m² (1 log₁₀ cd/m²

Results

Figure 2 is a sample dataset from miR-204 ko/ko cre/+ (conditional KO) and wild type (WT) mice. MiR-204 ko/ko cre/+ are mice with a conditional knockout of microRNA 204 in the retinal pigment epithelium. These mice are generated by crossing floxed miR-204 mice (produced by NEIGEF)²² with VMD2-CRE mice²³. MiR-204 is highly expressed in the RPE where it regulates the expression of proteins critical for epithelial function that maintain tight junc.......

Discussion

Critical Steps

A good DC-ERG recording requires stable electrodes that are free from bubbles that create artifacts and unwanted drift as they are extremely sensitive to outgassing and temperature changes. It is essential that a stable baseline is achieved when the electrodes are placed in the HBSS bath solution before proceeding forward with the mouse recording. Small bubbles tend to collect at the base of the capillary electrode or around the silicone gasket and are difficult.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Ag/AgCl (mouth) Electrode	WPI Inc	EP1	Mouth reference electrode for mouse
Ceramic Tile	Sutter Instrument	CTS	Used to cut the glass capillary tube to an appropriate size
Cotton Tipped Cleaning Stick	Puritan Medical Products	867-WC No Glue	To be used as a spacer to improve the fit of the electrode holder assembly
Electroretinogram (ERG) System	Diagnosys LLC	E3 System	Visual electrophysiology system to diagnose ophthalmic conditions in vision research and drug trials
Bunsen Burner	Argos Technologies	BW20002460	Or equivlaent to shape glass under flame
Glass Capillary Tube (1.5 mm)	Sutter Instruments	BF150-75	For filling with HBSS and making contact to the cornea
Hank’s Buffered Salt Solution (HBSS)	Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc	14175-095	Commercially available. Maintain at RT
In-Line Filter	Whatman	6722-5001	To protect vacuum pump from aerosols
Low Noise Cable for Microelectrode Holders	WPI Inc	5372	Suggested for improving the length and placement of the cables and electrode holder assemblies
Magnetic Ball Joint	WPI Inc	500871	For magnetically positioning the electrode holder assembly on the stage
MatLab	Mathworks		MatLab: For editing the analysis software
MatLab Curvefit Toolbox	Mathworks		Toolbox for MatLab (only required for editing the analysis software)
MatLab Compiler	Mathworks		Toolbox for MatLab (only required for editing and re-releasing the analysis software)
MatLab Runtime version 9.5	Mathworks	R2018b (9.5)	Required to run the analysis software: https://www.mathworks.com/products/compiler/matlab-runtime.html
Microelectrode Holders (45 degrees)	WPI Inc	MEH345-15	For holding the capillaries
Needle (25 ga)	Covidien	8881250313	For filling the capillary tubes with HBSS
Needle (ground) Electrode	Rhythmlink	13mm - one elctrode	Subdermal needle electrode (ground) for mouse (13mm long, 0.4mm diameter needle, 1.5m leadwire)
Regulator/Power Conditioner	Furman	P-1800	Or equivalent to remove DC-offset from noise introduced through power line
Syringe (12 mL)	Monoject	1181200777	For filling the capillary tubes with HBSS
T-clip	Cole-Parmer	06852-20	For electrode holder assembly
Vacuum Desiccator	Bel-Art	420120000	Clear polycarbonate bottom & cover
Pharmacological treatment
Lubricant eye gel	Alcon	0078-0429-47	Helps lubricate corneal surface and maintain electrical contact with capillary electrodes
Phenylephrine Hydrochloride 2.5%	Akorn	17478-201-15	Short acting mydriatic eye drops (for pupil dilation)
Proparacaine Hydrochloride 0.5%	Akorn	17478-263-12	Local anesthetic for ophthalmic instillation
Tropicamide 0.5%	Akorn	17478-101-12	Short acting mydriatic eye drops (for pupil dilation)
Xylazine	AnaSed	sc-362949Rx	Analgesic and muscle relaxant
Zetamine (Ketamine HCl)	VetOne	501072	Anesthetic for intramuscular injections