Automating Citrus Budwood Processing for Downstream Pathogen Detection Through Instrument Engineering

Summary

We engineered, fabricated, and validated an instrument that rapidly processes phloem-rich bark citrus budwood tissues. Compared to current methods, the budwood tissue extractor (BTE) has increased sample throughput and decreased the required labor and equipment costs.

Abstract

Graft-transmissible, phloem-limited pathogens of citrus such as viruses, viroids, and bacteria are responsible for devastating epidemics and serious economic losses worldwide. For example, the citrus tristeza virus killed over 100 million citrus trees globally, while "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" has cost Florida $9 billion. The use of pathogen-tested citrus budwood for tree propagation is key for the management of such pathogens. The Citrus Clonal Protection Program (CCPP) at the University of California, Riverside, uses polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to test thousands of samples from citrus budwood source trees every year to protect California's citrus and to provide clean propagation units to the National Clean Plant Network. A severe bottleneck in the high-throughput molecular detection of citrus viruses and viroids is the plant tissue processing step.

Proper tissue preparation is critical for the extraction of quality nucleic acids and downstream use in PCR assays. Plant tissue chopping, weighing, freeze-drying, grinding, and centrifugation at low temperatures to avoid nucleic acid degradation is time-intensive and labor-intensive and requires expensive and specialized laboratory equipment. This paper presents the validation of a specialized instrument engineered to rapidly process phloem-rich bark tissues from citrus budwood, named the budwood tissue extractor (BTE). The BTE increases sample throughput by 100% compared to current methods. In addition, it decreases labor and the cost of equipment. In this work, the BTE samples had a DNA yield (80.25 ng/µL) that was comparable with the CCPP's hand-chopping protocol (77.84 ng/µL). This instrument and the rapid plant tissue processing protocol can benefit several citrus diagnostic laboratories and programs in California and become a model system for tissue processing for other woody perennial crops worldwide.

Introduction

Graft-transmissible phloem-limited pathogens of citrus, such as viroids, viruses, and bacteria, have caused devastating epidemics and serious economic losses in every citrus-producing area of the world. Citrus viroids are limiting production factors because of the exocortis and cachexia diseases they cause in economically important citrus types, such as trifoliate, trifoliate hybrids, mandarins, clementines, and tangerines^1,2,3. In California, these viroid-sensitive citrus types are the basis of the growing and profitable market of "easy-peelers", following the shifting trend....

Protocol

1. Collecting the citrus budwood samples to ship

1. Send Technology Evolving Solutions a spreadsheet of tree information for them to load into their web server (eventually, the user will create new trees).
2. Use the phone app TES tracker to select a tree, and hold a near-field communication (NFC) collar tag to the phone to load the tree information to the tag.
3. Insert three to four citrus budwood samples into the BTE-compatible plastic bag carrier, and close with the lid.
   1. Ensure that the length of the budwood does not exceed 8 in and is not less than 5 in.
      1. If the length is greater th....

Results

RNA extraction, purification, and quality using BTE-processed budwood citrus tissue and assessment of time for tissue processing
We used budwood samples from 255 representative citrus trees for this test to compare the RNA quality from the BTE versus the standard procedure. Samples were processed by the budwood tissue extractor (BTE) (protocol steps 4.1-4.6 and Figure 2, right side, step 1, step 5, and step 6) or prepared following the regulatorily approved citrus budwoo.......

Discussion

With the advent of HLB citrus disease, to reduce losses, the citrus industry, regulatory agencies, and diagnostic laboratories have been urged to rely on high-throughput nucleic acid extraction methods combined with low-throughput manual sample processing and pathogen detection assays such as qPCR³⁴ for the testing of individual trees, in combination with disease management practices³⁵. California's HLB positivity rate has gone from 0.01% in 2012 to 1.2% in 2020. Even thoug.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
0.08" Hex Trimmer line	PowerCare	FPRO07065	Needed to replace blades.
1 Hp, 8 gal air compressor	California Air Tools	8010	Quickly dry chambers after rinsed
1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube	Globe Scientific	111558B	Store sample in after swishing with syinges
10 mL Syringe Set	Technology Evolving Solutions	TE006-F1-10A-G1000-E1	Syringe material is cut into. 1 L bottle with guanidine thiocyanate buffer. WARNING - contains guanidine thiocyanate, hazardous waste service required - do not mix with bleach
12" Ruler	Westcott	‎16012	To measure trimmer line before cutting
12% Sodium Hypochlorite	Hasa	1041	Disinfects chambers after processing
-20 C Freezer	Insignia	NS-CZ70WH0	Store sample after processing
4" x 12" plastic bags	Plymor	FP20-4x12-10	Bags to hold branches during shipping. O-rings attach bag to BTE chamber to seal
6" Cotton Swab	Puritan	806-PCL	Swab to remove clogs
7 Gallon Storage Tote	HDX	206152	Holds sodium hypochlorite solution to disinfect chambers and water to rinse chambers
Air blow gun	JASTIND	‎JTABG103A	Directs air into the chambers at high pressure
Black Sharpie	Sharpie	S-19421	Mark 1.5 mL tubes so you can identify sample later
Bottle Top Dispensor	Brand	Z627569	Adjustable bottle top dispensor to dispense guandine into syringe
BTE Chamber	Technology Evolving Solutions	TE002BB-A05-E1	Used to process budwood. Includes O-rings, BTE Slide, slide plunger, drain valve, lid, blade set, and blade set removal tool
Dish Soap	Dawn	57445CT	Surfectant to improve sodium hypochlorite penetration into chamber
Fume hood with hepa filter	Air Science	P5-36XT-A	Fume hood with hepa filter (ASTS-030)  to limit possible contamination and protect against chemical spills
Insulated foam shipping container	PolarTech	261/J50C	Insulated shipping container to ship samples on ice after they are collected
Lab coat	Red Kap	KP14WH LN 46	Lab coat to limit possible contamination and protect against chemical spills
Laptop	Microsoft	Surface	Wifi capable laptop to run TES GUI. Needed for initial setup and provides more indepth information about the tissue processing base
NFC Capable Phone	Samsung	Galaxy S9	Phone to download and use TES phone app
NFC clip tag	Technology Evolving Solutions	TE005-Clip-E1	Sample tag that can be linked with trees. Made to function with TES phone app
NFC Collar Tag	Technology Evolving Solutions	TE005-Collar-E1	Tag that is attached to a tree. Made to function with TES phone app
Nitrile Gloves	Usa Scientific	3915-4400	Gloves to limit possible contamination and protect against chemical spills
Noise-Reducing Earmuff	3M	90565-4DC-PS	Protect ears while operating air compressor and tissue processing base
Polyurethane Recoil Air Hose	FYPower	‎510019	Attaches air gun to compressor
Saftey glasses	Solidwork	SW8329-US	Protect eyes for chemical and physical hazards
Spray bottle	JohnBee	B08QM81BJV	Spray bleach to deconatinate surfaces
Tissue Extractor Base	Technology Evolving Solutions	TE001-A-E1	System to process plant tissue. Needs BTE or LTE chambers to function. Includes power cable, blade adapter, and 8/32" allen wrench
Tissue Processing Base Weight Scale	Technology Evolving Solutions	TE003-A05-200g-01-E1	200 g, 0.01 resolution weight scale that connects to tissue processing base to enforce weight ranges and/or link weights with sample. Includes scale, power cable, connection cable, 5ml syringe holder, tower air shield
Vermiculite	EasyGoProducts	B07WQDZGRP	Needed to transport hazardous waste (guanidine thiocyanate) using a hazardous waste disposal service
Wire Cutter	Boenfu	‎BOWC-06002-US	Wire cutters to cut trimmer line