Name: How to Obtain Reliable Visual Event-related Potentials in Newborns (Video) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2019-10-24T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 39 s
Description: Learn to obtain reliable visual evoked potentials in newborns using active sleep recording protocols. This method enables early detection of central nervous system abnormalities for at-risk infants.

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Engineer H&#233;ctor Belmont, Dr. M&#243;nica Carlier, Dr. Yuria Cruz and Dr. Mar&#237;a Elena Ju&#225;rez collaborated in data collection. The authors thank Paul Kersey for revising English language use. The project was partially funded by PAPIIT grant IN2009/7 and CONACYT (National Council for Science and Technology, Mexico) grant 4971.

1. Preparation of the Newborns
NOTE: The procedure followed is innocuous and painless, so there are no counter-indications for evaluating full-term and preterm newborns, once they are clinically stable.
<ol>
	<li>Ensure two and half hour fasting and wakefulness before beginning the study, in neonates older than 40 weeks of postconceptional age.</li>
	<li>Make sure that the baby&#39;s head be washed with neutral soap the day before the study. Thus, his/her hair will be clean and dry. Do not apply conditioners.</li>
	<li>Allow the mother to start feeding the newborn 30 min before beginning the study. Allow him/her to burp and start the sleep wrapped in sheets. This will ensure that he/she sleeps easily and spontaneously.</li>
	<li>Wash hands carefully before handling the neonate.</li>
	<li>Use sanitary masks.</li>
	<li>Gently wipe the scalp of the newborn with a cotton ball or gauze soaked in alcohol to remove residual dirt and superficial grease, before the neonate falls asleep.</li>
	<li>Measure the distance between nasion and inion, and between both pre-auricular pits. Calculate 10% and 20% to ensure proper placement of the cranial electrodes according to the international 10-20 system of electrode placement.</li>
	<li>Cover the newborn&#39;s entire head with a tubular elastic mesh for the correct attachment of the electroencephalography (EEG) and VEP electrodes. Leave the face fully free and exposed, as shown in Figure 1.</li>
	<li>Mark on the mesh the location of the surface electrodes.</li>
	<li>Use a swab to perfectly separate the newborn&#39;s hair at the sites where each electrode will be placed, and lightly rub the skin with abrasive gel for neurophysiological studies. 
	NOTE: Reschedule the study if the neonate takes more than 2 h to fall asleep.</li>
</ol>
2. Placement of the Surface Electrodes for EEG and VEP Sleep Recording
NOTE: Before beginning, set the values of the instrument&#39;s frequency filters using the specifications in Table 1. It is advisable to connect all electrodes to the EEG and VEP instruments before placing them on the newborn.
<ol>
	<li>Place the elastic band sensor on the baby&#39;s chest to record thoracic respiratory expansion.</li>
	<li>Place the individual surface disc electrodes (standard silver-silver chloride, or gold disc electrodes) with conductive paste through the mesh to fix them in the cranial locations established by the international 10-20 EEG system, adapted for newborns.</li>
	<li>Locate the cranial electrodes for EEG at leads F3, F4, C3, C4, O1 and O2, or at least C3 and C4, referred to linked earlobes, to identify the stages of neonatal sleep.</li>
	<li>Fix the surface disc electrodes to the skin with medical adhesive tape. To record ocular movements (EOG), place one electrode 1 cm above the external canthus of the left eye and place another 1 cm below the external canthus of the right eye, also referred to linked earlobes.</li>
	<li>Similarly, attach the electrodes for surface electromyogram recording (EMG) on both sides of the chin, referenced against each other.</li>
	<li>Use two channels of the VEP equipment with the following leads: Oz (-) vs. Fz (+), and Oz (-) vs. A1 (+); the ground electrode is to be placed on the right mastoid.</li>
	<li>Set the analysis time for VEP registration in 600 ms. 
	NOTE: Table 1 shows the filter settings used for recording sleep EEGs and VEPs.</li>
	<li>Do not begin VEP recording until impedance values are below 5 k&#937;.</li>
</ol>
3. Sleep Recording
NOTE: VEPs are obtained while the newborn sleeps in hospital crib; the sleep stages are monitored simultaneously by polysomnography17,18.
<ol>
	<li>Prolong the EEG recording for 60&#8722;90 min or until AS is identified, to evaluate active (AS) and quiet sleep (QS) in newborns.</li>
	<li>Begin EEG recording while carefully observing the characteristics of neonatal sleep, to identify the active sleep stage, during which VEPs will be recorded.</li>
	<li>Identify neonatal sleep stages according to the criteria summarized in Table 2.</li>
</ol>
4. VEP Recording
NOTE: VEPs are registered according to established standards19,20.
<ol>
	<li>Allow one minute of EEG recording without visual stimulation when the neonate begins well-defined active sleep.</li>
	<li>Apply monocular light stimulation through handheld goggles with a LED matrix held manually 2 cm directly above each newborn&#39;s eyes.</li>
	<li>Observe if the infant has his eyes closed during VEP registration in AS and note if this does not occur.</li>
	<li>Begin the averaging of the VEPs in the equipment, presenting 20 to 40 luminous stimuli whose corresponding recordings are averaged to obtain an average curve or evoked response.</li>
	<li>Observe the reproducibility of the recorded averages. At least two reproducible evoked potentials are recommended.</li>
	<li>Visually recognize PII component of the VEPs during recording, since this peak is considered typical of neonatal VEPs. Identify the PII component as the maximal positive peak between 120 and 300 ms, preceded by a negative wave (NII) and followed by a maximal negativity between 200 and 400 ms, also called NIII.</li>
	<li>Stop the averaging of the VEPs if the newborn moves excessively, wakes up, or changes to another sleep stage, distinct from AS. Renew recording once the AS stage reestablishes. 
	NOTE: This point is critical, because VEPs obtained during QS or transitional sleep are less reliable than in AS.</li>
	<li>Finish registration after 2 averages with reproducible VEP are attained, or when 6 averages occur without a recognizable VEP. In the latter case, consider the result an absence of a replicable response.</li>
</ol>
5. Review and analysis of VEPs
NOTE: Figure 2 shows the main components of neonatal VEPs and their measurements.
<ol>
	<li>Evaluate the reproducibility of the VEPs by similar appearance and measurements between the two averaged curves. 
	NOTE: Some VEP recording systems offer a correlation measure between two averages.</li>
	<li>Measure the absolute latencies of the NII, PII and NIII waves using the device&#39;s cursors. Absolute latency is the time in ms elapsed from the onset of stimulation to the maximal or minimal peak of each component.</li>
	<li>Calculate the interpeak latencies in ms, including the differences between the absolute PII-NII, NII-NIII and PII-NIII latencies.</li>
	<li>Measure peak-to-peak amplitudes in &#181;V, for the NII-PII and PII-NIII components.</li>
	<li>Compare the latency and amplitude values obtained to the normal, or expected, values estimated for a population of healthy, similar-age newborns.</li>
</ol>

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<li>Huang, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Volume+Changes+and+Correlation+with+Visual+Evoked+Potential+in+Patients+with+Optic+Neuritis%3A+A+Voxel-Based+Morphometry+Study%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Medical+Science+Monitor%22%5BJournal%5D)">Volume Changes and Correlation with Visual Evoked Potential in Patients with Optic Neuritis: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study.</a> Medical Science Monitor. 22, 1115-1123 (2016).</li>
<li>McGlone, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Neonatal+Visual+Evoked+Potentials+in+Infants+Born+to+Mothers+Prescribed+Methadone%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Pediatrics%22%5BJournal%5D)">Neonatal Visual Evoked Potentials in Infants Born to Mothers Prescribed Methadone.</a> Pediatrics. 131 (3), 857-863 (2013).</li>
<li>Cruz, S., Crego, A., Ribeiro, E., Goncalves, O., Sampaio, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+VEP+study+in+sleeping+and+awake+one-month-old+infants+and+its+relation+with+social+behavior%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22International+Journal+of+Developmental+Neuroscience%22%5BJournal%5D)">A VEP study in sleeping and awake one-month-old infants and its relation with social behavior.</a> International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience. 41, 37-43 (2015).</li>
<li>Kato, T., Watanabe, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Visual+evoked+potential+in+the+newborn%3A+Does+it+have+predictive+value%3F%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Seminars+in+Fetal+%26+Neonatal+Medicine%22%5BJournal%5D)">Visual evoked potential in the newborn: Does it have predictive value?</a> Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. 11, 459-463 (2006).</li>
<li>Shepherd, A., Saunders, K., McCulloch, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Effect+of+sleep+state+on+the+%EF%AC%82ash+visual+evoked+potential.+A+case+study%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Documenta+Ophthalmologica%22%5BJournal%5D)">Effect of sleep state on the ﬂash visual evoked potential. A case study.</a> Documenta Ophthalmologica. 98, 247-256 (2000).</li>
<li>Mercuri, E., Siebenthal, K., Tutuncuoglu, S., Guzzetta, E., Casaer, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+Effect+of+Behavioural+States+on+Visual+Evoked+Responses+in+Preterm+and+Full-Term%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Neuropediatrics%22%5BJournal%5D)">The Effect of Behavioural States on Visual Evoked Responses in Preterm and Full-Term.</a> Neuropediatrics. 26, 211-213 (1995).</li>
<li>Taylor, M. J., Menzies, R., MacMillan, L. J., Whyte, H. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((VEPs+in+normal+full-term+and+premature+neonates%3A+longitudinal+versus+cross-sectional+data%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Electroencephalography+and+Clinical+Neurophysiology%22%5BJournal%5D)">VEPs in normal full-term and premature neonates: longitudinal versus cross-sectional data.</a> Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 68, 20-27 (1987).</li>
<li>Hrbek, A., Karlberg, P., Olsson, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Development+of+visual+and+somatosensory+evoked+responses+in+pre-term+newborn+infants%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Electroencephalography+and+Clinical+Neurophysiology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Development of visual and somatosensory evoked responses in pre-term newborn infants.</a> Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 34, 225-232 (1973).</li>
<li>Benavente, I., Tamargo, P., Tajada, N., Yuste, V., Oliva, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Flash+visually+evoked+potentials+in+the+newborn+and+their+maturation+during+the+first+six+months+of+life%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Documenta+Ophthalmologica%22%5BJournal%5D)">Flash visually evoked potentials in the newborn and their maturation during the first six months of life.</a> Documenta Ophthalmologica. 110, 255-263 (2005).</li>
<li>Tsuneishi, S., Casaer, P., Fock, J. M., Hirano, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Establishment+of+normal+values+for+flash+visual+evoked+potentials+%28VEPs%29+in+preterm+infants%3A+a+longitudinal+study+with+special+reference+to+two+components+of+the+N1+wave%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Electroencephalography+and+Clinical+Neurophysiology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Establishment of normal values for flash visual evoked potentials (VEPs) in preterm infants: a longitudinal study with special reference to two components of the N1 wave.</a> Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 96, 291-299 (1995).</li>
<li>Roy, M. S., Gosselin, J., Hanna, N., Orquin, J., Chemtob, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((In%EF%AC%82uence+of+the+state+of+alertness+on+the+pattern+visual+evoked+potentials+%28PVEP%29+in+very+young+infant%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Brain+%26+Development%22%5BJournal%5D)">Inﬂuence of the state of alertness on the pattern visual evoked potentials (PVEP) in very young infant.</a> Brain & Development. 26, 197-202 (2004).</li>
<li>Kraemer, M., Abrahamsson, M., Sjostrom, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+neonatal+development+of+the+light+%EF%AC%82ash+visual+evoked+potential%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Documenta+Ophthalmologica%22%5BJournal%5D)">The neonatal development of the light ﬂash visual evoked potential.</a> Documenta Ophthalmologica. 99, 21-39 (1999).</li>
<li>Apkarian, P., Mirmiran, M., Tijssen, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Effects+of+Behavioral+State+on+Visual+Processing+in+Neonates%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Neuropediatrics%22%5BJournal%5D)">Effects of Behavioral State on Visual Processing in Neonates.</a> Neuropediatrics. 22, 85-91 (1991).</li>
<li>Cubero-Rego, L., Corsi-Cabrera, M., Ricardo-Garcell, J., Cruz-Martínez, R., Harmony, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Visual+evoked+potentials+are+similar+in+polysomnographically+de%EF%AC%81ned+quiet+and+active+sleep+in+healthy+newborns%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22International+Journal+of+Developmental+Neuroscience%22%5BJournal%5D)">Visual evoked potentials are similar in polysomnographically deﬁned quiet and active sleep in healthy newborns.</a> International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience. 68, 26-34 (2018).</li>
<li>Niedermeyer, E., Lopes da Silva, F. H. Normal EEG and Sleep: Preterm and Term Neonates. <a target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&safe=off&q=author%3aMizrahi%2C+EM+%22Niedermeyer%27s+Electroencephalography%3A+Basic+Principles%2C+Clinical+Applications%2C+and+Related%22">Niedermeyer's Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and Related</a>. , Wilkins. Lippincott Williams. 154-163 (2011).</li>
<li>Grigg-Damberger, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+Visual+Scoring+of+Sleep+in+Infants+0+to+2+Months+of+Age%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Clinical+Sleep+Medicine%22%5BJournal%5D)">The Visual Scoring of Sleep in Infants 0 to 2 Months of Age.</a> Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 12 (3), 429-445 (2016).</li>
<li>Niedermeyer, E., Lopes da Silva, F. H. Evoked Potentials in Children and Infants. <a target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&safe=off&q=author%3aHusain%2C+AM+%22In+Niedermeyer%27s+Electroencephalography%3A+Basic+Principles%2C+Clinical+Applications%2C+and+Related+Fields%22">In Niedermeyer's Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and Related Fields</a>. , Wilkins. Lippincott Williams. 1057-1082 (2011).</li>
<li>Odom, J. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((ISCEV+standard+for+clinical+visual+evoked+potentials%3A+2016+update%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Documenta+Ophthalmologica%22%5BJournal%5D)">ISCEV standard for clinical visual evoked potentials: 2016 update.</a> Documenta Ophthalmologica. 133 (1), 1-11 (2016).</li>
<li>Pojda-Wilczek, D., Maruszczyk, W., Sirek, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Flash+visual+evoked+potentials+%28FVEP%29+in+various+stimulation+conditions%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Documenta+Ophthalmologica%22%5BJournal%5D)">Flash visual evoked potentials (FVEP) in various stimulation conditions.</a> Documenta Ophthalmologica. 138, 35-42 (2019).</li>
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</ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Three components of visual-evoked responses (NII, PII and NIII) were characterized in healthy, full-term newborns while doing stimulation with LED googles, and recorded during polygraphically-identified sleep states. The VEP morphology observed is consistent with previous results reported for fewer neonates11,15. The characterization of VEP responses was achieved by recording 20 healthy, full-term newborns at similar post-conceptional age16</sup...

Early detection of abnormal development of the central nervous system in at-risk newborns is crucial for successful early interventions1,2. Visual event-related potentials (VEPs) provide a useful means of evaluating visual cortical status because they do not require patient cooperation, which is not possible in the first month of life, are objective, and are sensitive to structural and functional brain damage3,4.
Though, some studies of newborns have shown that normal visual-evoked responses indicate adequate neural maturation of the cerebral cortex4,5, and that this has often been studied in newborns to assess neurodevelopment and identify abnormal development of the visual pathways4,5, the clinical use of VEPs has been limited by the variability observed in their morphology4,5,6,7. Therefore, it is important to obtain better, more reliable characterizations of VEPs in newborns.
One cause of the variability in VEP morphology is that earlier studies have mixed preterm and older babies (over one month)8,9,10. However, the most important source is the lack of attention paid to the infants&#39; behavioral state while recording VEPs; namely, awake, quiet (QS), active (AS), or transitional sleep. QS and AS have either not been analyzed separately5,11,12, or studies have relied exclusively on behavioral observation without using polysomnography to identify states7,8. Trac&#233; alternant, which consists in bursts of high amplitude slow activity alternating with inter-burst intervals of minimal amplitudes is present in QS, but has not been taken into account when averaging VEPs. Some studies with newborns have measured VEPs by recording during wakefulness13,14, but at this stage of development waking periods are brief and newborns are usually crying or moving, which makes it difficult to obtain high quality, reliable recordings.
Few studies have used light-emitting diodes (LEDs) googles6,9 to elicit VEPs, though this light source generates more consistent recordings than the usual strobe flashes of white light11,14,15, which are less reliable. Obtaining replicable VEPs in the same newborn is indispensable for clinical use4, but another cause of variability is the low reproducibility of VEP morphology, likely due to the lack of control of physiological states and of the stimuli used to elicit VEPs. Given these conditions, the high variability of VEP morphology is hardly surprising.
A previous study conducted with 20 healthy full-term newborns that considered several sources of variability: post-conceptional age, polysomnographically-identified sleep states, LED googles to elicit VEPs, and measures of reproducibility between two VEP averages found that a clearer, more reliable VEP morphology can be obtained during active sleep. During this sleep stage all infants generated clear VEPs with higher correlations between two averages than in QS. Also, fewer VEP averages were required to obtain reproducibility16.
Given the clinical usefulness of VEP studies to assess, as early as possible, the integrity of visual pathways, this study proposes a series of methodological steps designed to obtain reliable VEPs in preterm and older newborns, using LED goggles during AS unambiguously defined by simultaneous polysomnography.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Digital Electroencephalograph</td><td>Neuronic Mexicana, SA</td><td>Medicid 3E</td><td>Sleep electroencephalogram record</td></tr><tr><td>Evoked Potentials equipment</td><td>Neuronic Mexicana, SA</td><td>Neuronic PE (N_N-SW-2.0)</td><td>Visual evoked potentials record</td></tr><tr><td>Nuprep Gel</td><td>WEAVER and Company</td><td>Skin preparing abrasive gel (114 g)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ten20 Conductive Paste</td><td>WEAVER and Company</td><td>Neurodiagnostic electrode paste (228 g)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tubular elastic mesh bandage</td><td>Le Roy</td><td></td><td>Fixation of cranial surface electrodes, Size 4 or Small</td></tr></tbody></table>

how to obtain reliable visual event-related potentials in newborns

How to Obtain Reliable Visual Event-related Potentials in Newborns

The present study discusses the characteristics of visual event-related potentials (VEPs) and outlines methodological steps for obtaining reliable measurements in newborns. Obtaining high-quality, reliable VEPs is crucial for the early detection of abnormal development of the central nervous system in at-risk newborns, and for implementing successful early interventions. Recommendations are based on a previous study which showed that when post-conceptional age, polysomnography-identified sleep stages, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) googles as the luminous source are controlled, no more than 4 repetitions of VEP averages are required to obtain replicable recordings, variability decreases, and reliable VEPs can be obtained. By controlling for these sources of variability and using statistical analyses, we were able to clearly and reliably identify the amplitude and latency of three main components (NII, PII and NIII) present in 100% of newborns (n = 20) during active sleep. Recording VEPs during awake states, quiet sleep and transitional sleep is not recommended because VEP morphology may differ significantly from one average to the next, leading to the risk of misleading clinical prognoses. Moreover, it is easier to obtain VEPs during active sleep because this state can be clearly and reliably identified at this stage of development, sleep cycles are short enough to allow measurements to be taken in a reasonable time, and the method does not require new o expensive equipment.

To detect adequate maturation in the function of the visual pathway it is essential to obtain the PII component of the VEP, which can be seen in both term and preterm infants. The simultaneous recording of VEPs with polysomnography during AS makes it possible to obtain typical VEPs.
Reliable VEP studies require obtaining reproducible average waveforms that will be indispensable for clinical use. Figure 2</st...

Several important points for obtaining high-quality reliable visual evoked potentials (VEPs) in newborns while minimizing variability and the risk of misleading prognoses are presented.

The present study discusses the characteristics of visual event-related potentials (VEPs) and outlines methodological steps for obtaining reliable ...

how-to-obtain-reliable-visual-event-related-potentials-in-newborns

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