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利用微流体装置进行机械刺激和高分辨率成像的研究C.线虫
利用微流体装置进行机械刺激和高分辨率成像的研究C.线虫
JoVE Journal
Neuroscience
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JoVE Journal Neuroscience
Using a Microfluidics Device for Mechanical Stimulation and High Resolution Imaging of C. elegans

利用微流体装置进行机械刺激和高分辨率成像的研究C.线虫

Full Text
11,090 Views
10:39 min
February 19, 2018

DOI: 10.3791/56530-v

Holger Fehlauer*1, Adam L. Nekimken*1,2, Anna A. Kim1,2, Beth L. Pruitt1,2,3, Miriam B. Goodman1,2, Michael Krieg4

1Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology,Stanford University, 2Department of Mechanical Engineering,Stanford University, 3Department of Bioengineering,Stanford University, 4Group of Neurophotonics and Mechanical Systems Biology,The Institute of Photonic Sciences (ICFO)

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Overview

This study presents a novel method for selectively mechanically stimulating immobilized nematodes using a microfluidic trap, facilitating high-resolution imaging of cellular responses. The primary focus is on understanding how mechanical stress influences neuronal responses and broader biological processes in the context of mechanobiology and sensory biology.

Key Study Components

Area of Science

  • Mechanobiology
  • Sensory biology
  • Neuroscience

Background

  • Mechanical stress is crucial in activating biochemical pathways.
  • Understanding neuronal responses to mechanical stimuli is vital for mechanobiological insights.
  • The method allows non-invasive yet effective immobilization of the biological subjects.
  • High-resolution imaging can enhance our comprehension of these responses.

Purpose of Study

  • To develop a technique for measuring nematode and neuronal responses to mechanical stimuli.
  • To explore how animals respond to mechanical stimulation in mechanobiology.
  • To provide insights into the impact of mechanical cues on organismal development.

Methods Used

  • Utilized a microfluidic chip setup with pressure actuators for stimulation.
  • Biological model involved the nematode C. elegans, focusing on the immobilization and imaging of its neurons.
  • Involved precise setup of microscopy systems for simultaneous excitation of fluorescence markers.
  • Experimental steps included loading the nematodes into a trapping channel and conducting high-resolution imaging protocols.

Main Results

  • The technique provided a reliable method for assessing neuronal responses to applied mechanical stimuli.
  • High-resolution imaging revealed the relationship between mechanical stimulation and biological responses within immobilized nematodes.
  • Enabled observation of significant neuronal behavior without compromising the organism's integrity or mobility.
  • Facilitated assessments of mechanically induced changes in neuronal excitability and other physiological parameters.

Conclusions

  • This method advances research in mechanobiology by enabling high-resolution imaging of neuronal responses to mechanical stress.
  • It provides essential insights into the mechanosensitivity of organisms and can be adapted for other similar biological models.
  • Overall, the findings can deepen our understanding of neuronal mechanisms and potential implications in developmental biology.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the advantages of using a microfluidic chip for this research?
Microfluidic chips allow precise control over mechanical stimulation while minimizing the mobility of the subjects, enabling high-resolution imaging of cellular responses.
How are nematodes immobilized for the experiments?
Nematodes are immobilized in the microfluidic trap in a non-invasive manner, allowing for effective mechanical stimulation and imaging without harming the organism.
What type of data can be obtained from this technique?
The technique yields high-resolution images indicative of neuronal responses and excitability changes when subjected to targeted mechanical stimuli.
Can this method be adapted for other types of animals?
Yes, while designed for C. elegans, the method can be adapted for other organisms of similar size, potentially extending its applications in mechanobiological research.
What limitations should researchers consider when using this method?
Researchers should ensure that the animals selected fit the size requirements for effective trapping and should be cautious of potential issues related to pressure loss in the microfluidic system.

美国匹茨堡研究的新工具需要了解机械应力是如何激活生化通路并引起生物学反应的。在这里, 我们展示了一种新的方法, 选择性机械刺激固定化动物与微流控器陷阱, 允许高分辨率成像的细胞反应。

该技术的总体目标是使用带有压力致动器的微流体芯片装置来测量线虫及其神经元对外部机械刺激的反应。这种方法可以回答机械生物学和感觉生物学领域的关键问题,例如细胞、组织和动物如何对机械刺激做出反应。这种技术的主要优点是它以非侵入性方式充分降低了蠕虫的活动性,以实现高分辨率成像,同时仍然可以进入蠕虫的角质层进行机械刺激。

这种方法也可用于研究机械线索对发育的影响。它甚至可以应用于其他系统,例如离体器官指数或其他与秀丽隐杆线虫大小相似的动物。设置显微镜系统以同时激发 GCaMP 和 RFP。

一种选择是仅透射青色和黄色光的隐蔽光源。观看时,请使用 10 倍物镜和高倍率物镜。此外,通过数码相机将图像发送到计算机。

接下来,包括一个荧光立方体,如果需要,还包括一个激发滤光片。在立方体中添加一面二向色镜,反射青色和黄光并透射绿光和红光。设置一个带有长通二向色镜的分束器,截止波长为 570 纳米。

此外,提供一个用于 525 纳米宽的绿光的带通发射滤光片和一个用于 632 纳米宽(60 纳米)的红光带通发射滤光片。将两个光束投影到摄像机的视野中。确保绿色部分投影到屏幕的上半部分,红色部分投影到底部。

始终使用使用时间不到 1 个月的微流控芯片。对于设置,首先用过滤的 M9 加载重力流储液器。将储液槽放置在芯片上方约 60 厘米的位置,并将其连接到芯片出口。接下来,将另一个出口连接到具有两个输入的废液容器,并将第二个输入连接到废液容器和蠕动泵。

使用聚乙烯管进行所有连接。接下来,组装互连器件,50 毫米管长,两端带有金属管接头。压接并互连到六个驱动爪中的每一个上,并进入蜗杆入口。

现在,将芯片放置在光学元件下方。请务必将互连连接到芯片上,因为 PDMS 会随着重复作而迅速磨损。PDMS 执行器和将芯片连接到储气罐的管道必须正确密封,以确保隔膜的良好色度驱动,这一点至关重要。

在装载动物之前,检查微流控芯片中的压力是否损失。通过在所需压力下执行多个驱动循环来测量隔膜的挠度。然后,将定量值与理论预测进行比较。

如果测量值与预期不符,请检查管路或管路接头是否有泄漏。由于基础聚合物和固化剂的替代比例,PDMS 也可能具有不同的弹性,或者 PD 质量可能陈旧且过度交联。已经准备了年龄同步的年轻成人或成年一日线虫,如 Porta-de-la-Riva 和公司在 2012 年的 Jove 出版物中所描述的那样。

现在,挑选 2 到 5 只年轻的成年人或一日龄的雌雄同体。选择正确大小的动物至关重要。小动物不会被困在通道中,而过大的动物将难以移走并可能堵塞设备。

将采摘的蠕虫拉入一滴过滤的 M9 中。然后,使用 1 毫升注射器将它们吸入一段管子中,而无需将它们拉入注射器主体本身。接下来,将管路连接到芯片螺杆入口处的互连。然后,通过打开储液罐的阀门并启动泵来激活重力流。

现在,以四倍放大倍数观察诱捕通道,然后轻轻地将动物推入设备中。将动物装入等候室后,使用柱塞将其中一只动物轻轻地流到诱捕通道的前面,使其头部进入通道的锥形形状。如果蠕虫没有填满从鼻子到身体末端附近的通道的整个横截面,请去除蠕虫。

很多时候,太小的蠕虫会直接穿过芯片而不会被困住。如果需要移除被困在诱捕通道中的动物,只需按下注射器的柱塞,直到蠕虫从通道中消失,然后装入新的蠕虫。正确加载蠕虫后,切换到荧光模式并增加放大倍数。

为防止饱和,请务必根据荧光强度调整激发强度。检查感兴趣神经元的神经突是否位于其中一个致动器的隔膜上。该致动器也必须位于神经元细胞体的前面。

如果没有,请通过拉动或推动柱塞来调整动物的位置。如果这没有帮助,请删除蠕虫并加载新的蠕虫。此外,如果神经元周围恰好有自发荧光,请更换蠕虫。

正确加载蠕虫后,专注于目标神经元的细胞体,然后确定芯片位于其前侧的哪个致动器,并使用相关的互连将此致动器连接到可编程压力泵。如果实验需要测量致动器和神经元之间的距离,请将两者放入视野中,通道壁平行于图像的上下边缘。接下来,使用可编程压力泵定义压力方案。

始终首先以零千帕斯卡的速度拍摄至少 50 张图像以定义基线。然后,对刺激波形和压力进行编程。现在,运行成像和压力协议。

记录时,感兴趣的神经元必须是 10 平方像素区域中的最亮点。在两个连续图像中,它不能移动超过 10 个像素,并且必须保持在视野中。在记录时,当压力和促动器发生变化时,您可能会观察到荧光强度的变化。

这表明神经元刺激成功。在刺激之间,包括在零千帕的恒定压力下 10 秒。只要它们在整个记录过程中至少相隔 10 个像素,就可以同时记录来自视野中多个神经元的信号。

为了保留蠕虫以供进一步研究,请断开芯片朝向重力流和废液容器的出口。然后,轻轻按压柱塞,直到整个蠕虫通过捕集通道进入流道,并继续按压柱塞,直到动物出现在芯片外的液滴中。现在,断开注射器与管道的连接,并将液滴中的蠕虫吸到琼脂板上。

要移除并牺牲通道中的蠕虫,请按下柱塞,直到整个蠕虫被推过诱捕通道并进入流道。然后,蠕虫将从芯片中流出并进入废液容器。设置微流控芯片后,测试了隔膜的偏转。

测量值是可重现的,在 450 千帕的压力下,变化略小,不超过 1 微米。将蠕虫插入芯片入口后,诱捕通道内的单个动物的皮肤被呈现给六个致动器。通过这种设计,PLM 神经元通常无法完全固定,因此可以自由横向和垂直移动。

尽管可以成功激活 PLM 神经元,但由于尾部运动,很难记录它们的钙瞬变。就位后,使用六个执行器中的一个对动物进行刺激,这些致动器的位置是向六个 TRN 中的每一个提供机械刺激。提出了三种不同的 2 秒刺激中的一种。

保持在 275 千帕,斜坡到 275 千帕,或由 75 千帕 10 赫兹正弦与 275 千帕步长叠加组成的嗡嗡声。没有压力的 10 秒间隙将刺激分开。只有当刺激达到 400 千帕以上的压力时,压力斜坡和压力步骤才会激活 TRN,而嗡嗡声刺激强烈地激活了所有 TRN。

一旦掌握,这种技术可以在每条蠕虫的 5 分钟内执行。重要的是要记住,芯片和盖玻片之间或芯片和连接器之间的密封不良会导致设备泄漏和故障。在此程序之后,可以执行其他方法,如电压成像或将机械刺激靶向传递到不同的神经元,以表征伤害感受器的机械反应。

此外,由于可以在此程序后恢复动物,因此该技术可用于筛选对机械刺激反应有缺陷的突变体。不要忘记,使用压缩气体和化学品可能非常危险。采取预防措施,例如佩戴个人防护服并在必要时在通风柜中工作,以避免这些危险。

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