反応における標準エントロピーの変化

Enthalpy changes associated with a chemical reaction can be measured with a calorimeter, but the entropy change associated with a reaction cannot be directly measured. Entropy is a state function, which means that the change in entropy depends solely on the initial and final states of a system. So, like enthalpy changes, entropy changes can be from calculated reference tables of standard molar entropies.  For a reaction occurring under standard conditions, the associated entropy change is determined by the difference between the sum of the standard molar entropies of the products multiplied by their stoichiometric coefficients and the sum of the standard molar entropies of the reactants multiplied by their stoichiometric coefficients. Consider the combustion of ethylene under standard conditions, where 1 mole of ethylene gas reacts with 3 moles of oxygen gas to produce 2 moles of carbon dioxide gas and 2 moles of water. The standard entropy change for the reaction equals the sum of 2 times the standard entropy of carbon dioxide gas and 2 times the standard entropy of water, minus the sum of the standard entropy of ethylene gas and 3 times the standard entropy of oxygen.  Note that, unlike standard enthalpies of formation of elements, which are zero, standard molar entropies of all substances are greater than zero at 298 K. Substituting the values for molar entropies of reactants and products from the reference table yields [(2 × 213.8) + (2 × 70.0)] − [(219.5 + 3) × (205.3)]. The net entropy of the products equals 567.6 J/K, and the net entropy of the reactants is 835.4 J/K. The difference between the products and the reactants equals negative 268 J/K for the standard entropy change of the combustion of ethylene. The negative value indicates there is a decrease in entropy. Even without calculating the exact entropy change, the decrease in entropy can be predicted by examining the reaction. Recall that gases are more disordered than liquids. There are more moles of gas in the reactants, 4 moles of gas (with 1 mole of ethylene and 3 moles of oxygen) compared to the products (only 2 moles of carbon dioxide gas), while the other product is a liquid. Thus, in this reaction, the reactants are more disordered than the products. Therefore, entropy decreases as the reaction proceeds.