Determination of Fatty Acid Oxidation and Lipogenesis in Mouse Primary Hepatocytes

Summary

De novo lipogenesis and β-fatty acid oxidation constitute key metabolic pathways in hepatocyte, pathways that are perturbed in several metabolic disorders, including fatty liver disease. Here we demonstrate isolation of mouse primary hepatocytes and describe quantification of β-fatty acid oxidation and lipogenesis.

Abstract

Lipid metabolism in liver is complex. In addition to importing and exporting lipid via lipoproteins, hepatocytes can oxidize lipid via fatty acid oxidation, or alternatively, synthesize new lipid via de novo lipogenesis. The net sum of these pathways is dictated by a number of factors, which in certain disease states leads to fatty liver disease. Excess hepatic lipid accumulation is associated with whole body insulin resistance and coronary heart disease. Tools to study lipid metabolism in hepatocytes are useful to understand the role of hepatic lipid metabolism in certain metabolic disorders.

In the liver, hepatocytes regulate the breakdown and synthesis of fatty acids via β-fatty oxidation and de novo lipogenesis, respectively. Quantifying metabolism in these pathways provides insight into hepatic lipid handling. Unlike in vitro quantification, using primary hepatocytes, making measurements in vivo is technically challenging and resource intensive. Hence, quantifying β-fatty acid oxidation and de novo lipogenesis in cultured mouse hepatocytes provides a straight forward method to assess hepatocyte lipid handling.

Here we describe a method for the isolation of primary mouse hepatocytes, and we demonstrate quantification of β-fatty acid oxidation and de novo lipogenesis, using radiolabeled substrates.

Introduction

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is one of the leading causes of liver disease in Westernized cultures^1,2. Lipid accumulation within the liver is associated with cell death, fibrosis, and liver failure via yet unknown mechanisms^3-6. In fatty liver disease, hepatocyte-mediated β-fatty acid oxidation and de novo lipogenesis are important determinants of net lipid accumulation^7,8. This article will, therefore, focus on hepatocyte isolation, followed by quantification of β-fatty acid oxidation and de novo lipogenesis.

Numerous methodologies have been developed to interrogate hepatocyte lipid metabolism. Though it is possible to measure metabolism of fat in vivo using stable isotopes^9,10, these methods are costly, and require large numbers of animals. Additionally, the ability to investigate the effect of exogenous chemicals is limited due to the nature of in vivo experimentation. In contrast, the isolation of primary hepatocytes from mouse liver provides an affordable avenue to pursue¹¹. Furthermore, studying hepatocytes in culture allows investigators to study the effects of varying chemicals on lipid processing while circumventing the difficulties of in vivo experimentation. Finally, isolated hepatocytes avoid any confounding from varying genetics since they are derived from the liver of a single animal.

Here we isolate and culture of hepatocytes, and we measure β-fatty acid oxidation and de novo lipogenesis, using radiolabeled palmitate. The protocol detailed below is straight forward, effective, and reproducible.

Protocol

All animal experimentation should be carried out in accordance with local and federal regulations and with the approval of an institutional IACUC and radiation safety administration.

1. Preparation

1. Several days prior to the assay, thaw the 500 ml bottle of Liver Digest Medium (LDM) and refreeze ~35 ml aliquots in 50 ml conical tubes. Store at -20 °C until needed.
2. One day prior to the assay, pre-sterilize clean dissection tools by autoclave.
3. On the day of the assay, treat the necessary amount of 24-well culture plates with collagen.
   1. Mix 1 part of 3 mg/ml rat tail collagen with 50 parts of PBS. Add approximately 500 µl to each well of a 24-well plate and incubate for 3-5 min at room temperature (RT). Remove the collagen and allow plate to air dry in hood. Repeat at least one additional time.
      Note: Collagen coating can be performed up to one week in advance and plates stored at 4 °C sealed in plastic wrap.
4. Prepare LDM for assay: Thaw LDM and warm to 37 °C and adjust pH to 7.4 using 1 N KOH. Filter using 0.2 µm syringe filter and place in a recirculating 42 °C water bath.
5. Warm 25 ml of Liver Perfusion Medium to 42 °C in recirculating water bath.
6. Prepare 90% colloidal silica coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone solution: Add 1 ml of 10x DPBS to 9 ml of colloidal silica coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone. Adjust pH to 7.4 using 0.1 N HCl. Filter with a sterile 0.2 µm syringe filter. Store at RT.
7. Warm Plating Medium to 37 °C.

2. Isolation of Primary Mouse Hepatocytes

1. Set up peristaltic pump, tubing, and dissection table: Sterilize tubing by flushing with 5 ml 70% ethanol in distilled water, followed by 10 ml of sterile water. Place tubing in Liver Perfusion Medium and run pump to fill entire length of tubing.
2. Sacrifice mouse by the institutionally approved method.
3. Dissect open the abdominal cavity: Spray the mouse abdomen liberally with 70% ethanol. Using blunt-end scissors, make a midline incision through the dermis the length of the abdomen and reflect laterally. Make a similar incision in the peritoneum to expose the viscera.
   1. Using a blunt instrument, gently displace the intestines to expose the abdominal vasculature Locate the abdominal inferior vena cava (IVC) and place a suture underneath the blood vessel, distal to the renal vein
4. Distal to the suture, place a needle and catheter into the IVC, advancing it beyond the level of the suture. With the needle still in place, tie the suture around the catheter to hold it in place. Carefully remove the needle. If done correctly, blood with flow through the catheter.
5. Using a pipet, fill the remaining area in the catheter with perfusion medium, ensuring that no air is present. With great care, attach the tubing to the catheter.
6. Dissect open the lung cavity: gently reflect the superior liver lobes to expose the diaphragm. Carefully puncture the diaphragm with sharp tip scissors, then make a lateral incision to expose the pleural cavity, taking care to avoid the gall bladder and pleural vasculature. Place a bulldog clamp around the thoracic inferior vena cava just proximal to the hepatic vein.
7. Cut the portal vein and turn on the pump at 3 - 4 ml/min. Perfuse the liver with Liver Perfusion Medium for 5 min using approximately 20 ml of perfusion medium.
   Note: The liver should immediately change from red to grey/tan. If portions of the liver remain red, this likely indicates poor perfusion, and the likelihood of successful isolation is greatly diminished. During the perfusion, be careful to ensure the medium does not run out and that no bubbles enter the tubing.
8. Following the 5 min incubation, stop the pump and transfer the tubing to Liver Digest Medium. Restart the pump and perfuse the liver for another 10 - 15 min (until the medium is exhausted).
9. At the end of the perfusion, stop the pump. The liver should have a pinkish hue and appear somewhat enlarged. Excise the liver by careful dissection. Remove the gall bladder and transfer the liver to 10 cm tissue culture dish.
10. In a biosafety cabinet, add 10 ml of Plating Medium ( Table 1) to the liver. Gently scrape the liver using either forceps or a scalpel to remove the hepatocytes. Filter the suspension using a 100 µm cell strainer and transfer to a 50 ml conical tube. Wash the plate with an additional 10 ml of Plating Medium and pool in the 50 ml conical tube.
11. Pellet the cells by centrifuging for 5 min at 350 x g, 4 °C.
12. Aspirate medium and resuspend pellet in 10 ml of Plating Medium and add 10 ml of 90% colloidal silica coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone. Mix gently and centrifuge as in step 2.11. After centrifugation, a layer of dead cells will be floating on the top of the mixture, while the live cells will pellet to the bottom.
13. Aspirate dead cells and medium. Wash 2 times with 20 ml of Plating Medium, centrifuge as in 2.11.
14. Resuspend cells in 10 ml of Plating Medium. Count cells with a hemocytometer and place 9 x 10⁴ cells/well in collagen-treated 24-well culture dishes. Incubate in a 37 °C tissue culture incubator for 2 hr. Each plate can be used for either the Fatty Acid Oxidation assay OR the Lipogenesis assay.
15. Optionally, change wells to Maintenance Medium (Table 1) and culture at 37 °C. Cells can be cultured for 2 - 3 days without affecting assay results.

3. Fatty Acid Oxidation Assay

Warning: Use of radioactivity can be hazardous. All purchasing, storage, handling, and disposal of radioactive material should be carried out in accordance with institutional, state, and federal regulations and guidelines.

1. 16 - 20 hr prior to assay, wash cells 2 times with warm PBS. Change the cells to serum-free Serum Starvation Medium (Table 1) with 20 nM glucagon and incubate overnight at 37 °C.
   Note: Because fetal bovine serum contains an unknown concentration of metabolic hormones (e.g. insulin, glucagon), serum starve the cells to remove any confounding effects this may have on the assay. Cells are viable in Serum Starvation Medium for >24 hr. Glucagon treatment is used to stimulate fatty acid oxidation within the hepatocytes.
2. On the morning of the assay, prepare Pre-Incubation Medium: Resuspend an appropriate amount of Sodium Palmitate in ultrapure water to make a 100 mM solution and heat to 70 °C for 10 min. In the meantime, prepare the requisite amount (0.5 ml per well of a 24-well plate) of DMEM with 25 mM HEPES, 1% BSA Fraction V, and 20 nM glucagon. Heat to 37 °C.
   1. Once solubilized, add Palmitate to a final concentration of 250 µM to the medium. Change hepatocytes to Pre-Incubation Medium and incubate at 37 °C for 2 hr. Reserve some Pre-Incubation Medium at 37 °C for later use.
3. During the incubation, dry an appropriate amount of ¹⁴C-Palmitate (0.5 µCi/well) by evaporation under nitrogen gas.
   1. For example, to measure 24 samples in a 24-well plate, transfer 120 µl of 0.1 µCi/ml¹⁴ C-Palmitate to a 1.5 ml tube. Slowly evaporate the ethanol solvent by blowing nitrogen gas over the solution from a distance of 3-5 cm in a fume hood. The solvent should evaporate in approximately 30 - 40 min, leaving dry ¹⁴C-Palmitate in the bottom of the tube.
4. Approximately 15 min before the end of the incubation, resuspend the ¹⁴C-Palmitate in 0.1 N NaOH (12.5 µl/µCi). Incubate at 70 °C for 10 min. Add three volumes of warm Pre-Incubation Medium and mix by pipetting up and down.
5. Spike each well with 25 µl of diluted ¹⁴C-Palmitate. Mix by gently rocking the plate and incubate at 37 °C for 90 min. This is the Assay Plate.
6. During the incubation, prepare the Filter Paper Plate (Figure 1).
   1. Remove the cover from a sterile 24-well plate. Place one 2 cm x 2 cm piece of filter paper in the bottom of each of the wells. Overlay the plate with a piece of 4” x 7” parafilm.
   2. Using a large rectangular object, such as a micropipettor tip box, rub the parafilm on the wells to perforate the parafilm at the well openings and create a seal over the remainder of the plate. Remove the perforated circles of parafilm now covering the wells. The plate should now be tightly covered with parafilm in all areas except the well openings.
7. 10 min before the end of the incubation, add 200 µl of 3 N NaOH to each well of the Filter Paper Plate, making sure the filter paper absorbs all of the liquid.
   1. Optionally prior to freezing, transfer the medium to a fresh 24-well plate. After washing once with PBS, lyse the remaining cells in 0.1 N HCl and calculate protein content by BCA assay.
8. At the end of the incubation, snap-freeze the Assay Plate in liquid nitrogen. Be careful to ensure each well is completely frozen before proceeding.
9. Add 100 µl of 70% Perchloric Acid to each well of the Assay Plate. Immediately cover with the Filter Paper Plate. Place the plates on an orbital shaker and rock at orbital speed of 80 rpm at RT for 2 hr.
10. Following the incubation, process the samples:
    1. To measure the CO₂ fraction, transfer the filter paper squares to 4 ml liquid scintillation fluid in a scintillation vial and measure ¹⁴C signal.
    2. To measure the acid soluble material, transfer 400 µl of medium to a 1.5 ml microfuge tube. Centrifuge at maximum speed for 10 min. Add 100 µl of the resulting supernatant to 500 µl of 2:1 Chloroform-Methanol (v/v), and vortex briefly.
       1. Add 250 µl of water to the mixture, and vortex again. Centrifuge samples for 10 min at 3,000 x g. Transfer 200 µl of the upper phase to 4 ml liquid scintillation fluid in a scintillation vial and measure ¹⁴C signal.

4. Lipogenesis Assay

1. The evening prior to beginning the assay, wash the cells 2 times with warm PBS. Change the hepatocytes to Serum Starvation Medium with 100 nM insulin. Incubate overnight at 37 °C.
   Note: Because fetal bovine serum contains an unknown concentration of metabolic hormones (e.g. insulin, glucagon), serum starve the cells to remove any confounding effects this may have on the assay. Cells are viable in Serum Starvation Medium for >24 hr. Insulin is used in this assay to stimulate lipogenesis.
2. Make Lipogenesis Medium: Serum Starvation Medium with 100 nM insulin, 10 µM cold acetate and 0.5 µCi ³H-Acetate per well. Change cells to Lipogenesis Medium and incubate at 37 °C for 2 hr. Include any compounds of interest to be tested.
3. After the incubation period, wash cells 2 times with PBS. Lyse cells by scraping in 120 µl of 0.1 N HCl. Reserve 10 µl for protein assay (assess by BCA assay), and transfer 100 µl to 1.5 ml microfuge tube.
4. Extract lipids by addition of 500 µl of 2:1 chloroform-methanol (v/v). Vortex briefly and incubate at RT for 5 min. Add 250 µl of water, vortex and incubate at RT for an additional 5 min. Centrifuge samples 10 min at 3,000 x g, RT. Carefully transfer lower phase to 4 ml liquid scintillation fluid in a scintillation vial and measure ³H activity.

Results

Hepatocyte isolations typically result in 1 - 3 x 10⁷ total cells. After overnight incubation, the cells will appear hexagonal, many of which will be binucleated (Figure 2). Healthy cells should be devoid of granulations or blebs, which are indicative of cell death.

In general, Fatty Acid Oxidation assay is run in three to four replicates per test compound. Counts for the CO₂ samples are approximately one-fifth of those derived from the acid soluble mater...

Discussion

The time from sacrifice to perfusion should be less than 3 min for ideal perfusion and collagenase digestion of the liver. Once perfusion with Perfusion Medium is initiated, the liver should immediately change appearance to from red to pale. After approximately 10 min of incubation with LDM, the liver will appear swollen and pink. In the event that perfusion is insufficient, the liver may not exhibit these changes, and this will typically result in a lower hepatocyte yield.

Following the washi...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Liver Perfusion Medium	Life Technologies	17701038
Liver Digest Medium	Life Technologies	17703034	Aliquot and store at -20 °C
PBS	Corning	21-040-CV
10X DPBS	Corning	46-013-CM
DMEM	Corning	10-017-CV
FBS	Life Technologies	26140079
Collagen	Life Technologies	A1048301
Colloidal silica coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone	GE Life Sciences	17-0891-01
Sodium Pyruvate	Cellgro	25-000-CI
Penicillin / Streptomycin	Cellgro	30-001-CI
Insulin	Sigma	I0516-5ML
Dexamethasone	Sigma	D2915-100MG
Albumin (BSA), Fraction V	MP Biomedicals	103703
24-Well Culture Dish	Corning Falcon	353047
Tygon S3 Tubing	Cole Parmer	06460-34
Male Leur Lock to 200 Barb Connectors	Cole Parmer	45518-00
24 G x 3/4" Catheter	SurFlo	SROX2419CA
Perma-Hand Silk Suture	Ethicon	683G
Cell Strainer	Corning Falcon	08-771-2
IsoTemp 3013HD Recirculating Water Bath	Fisher	13-874-3
MasterFlex C/L Peristaltic Pump	MasterFlex	HV-77122-24
Microclamp	Roboz	RS-7438	Pre-sterilize in autoclave
5” Straight, Blunt-Blunt Operating Scissors	Roboz	RS-6810	Pre-sterilize in autoclave
24 mm Blade Straight, Sharp-point Microdissecting Scissors	Roboz	RS-5912	Pre-sterilize in autoclave
4” 0.8 mm Tip Microdissecting Forceps	Roboz	RS-5130	Pre-sterilize in autoclave
4” 0.8 mm Tip Full Curve Microdissecting Forceps	Roboz	RS-5137	Pre-sterilize in autoclave
60 ml Syringe	Becton Dickinson	309653
50 ml conical tubes	Corning Falcon	352070
BCA Protein Assay	Thermo Scientific	23225
Biosafety Cabinet
CO2 Incubator
Serological pipets
1,000, 200, 20 μl pipet and tips