一种诱导实验性尿毒症心肌病的小鼠 5/6th肾切除模型
Summary
这份手稿提供了一个详细的 two-step 手术程序执行小鼠 5/6th部分肾切除 (PNx) 与极结扎。手术后四周, 与假手术小鼠相比, PNx 小鼠肾功能受损, 贫血, 心肌肥厚, 心脏纤维化, 心脏收缩和舒张功能下降。
Abstract
慢性肾脏疾病 (CKD) 是心血管疾病事件和死亡率的一个很大的危险因素, 并逐步发展到临床表型称为 “尿毒症心肌病”。我们在这里描述一个实验性 CKD 小鼠模型, 命名为 5/6th部分肾切除 (PNx) 与极结扎, 在四周后的发展为尿毒症心肌病。这种 PNx 模型是由 two-step 手术进行的。在第一步手术中, 左肾的两极都结扎了。在第一步手术7天后进行的两次手术中, 右肾切除。对于假手术, 同样的手术程序进行, 但没有极结扎左肾或切除右肾。与其他方法相比, 手术过程更容易、更耗时。然而, 残余功能性肾肿块不像肾动脉结扎那样容易控制。手术后四周, 与假手术小鼠相比, PNx 小鼠肾功能受损, 贫血, 心肌肥厚, 心脏纤维化, 心脏收缩和舒张功能下降。
Introduction
CKD, 也被称为慢性肾衰竭, 是随着时间的推移肾脏功能的逐步丧失, 最终发展成永久性肾衰竭。CKD, 从早期肾脏疾病状态到终末期肾脏疾病 (末期), 是心血管疾病事件和死亡率的一个很大的危险因素, 并逐步发展到临床表型称为 “尿毒症心肌病”1, 2,3。CKD 或末期患者的尿毒症心肌病与心血管异常有关, 主要是由于左心室 (lv) 压力和/或容积超负荷导致的, 导致 lv 肥厚、lv 扩张和 lv 收缩功能障碍4 ,5,6。心脏纤维化是尿毒症心肌病的另一种常见的病理过程, 它能降低心脏顺应性, 导致左心室舒张功能障碍。严重的心脏纤维化可能导致心脏猝死甚至在那些没有心脏症状的患者中7。
5/6th PNx 是一种常用的 CKD 动物模型, 用于动物研究, 包括肾衰竭、尿毒症心肌病和高血压。PNx 是通过消融5/6 肾实质来实现的。大鼠模型最初是用两种最常用的手术切除或梗塞的方法开发的。大鼠 PNx 模型是一个非常有用的模型来研究尿毒症心肌实质升高血压, 心肌肥厚和舒张功能受损。后来, 老鼠 PNx 模型, 操作与相似的技术作为鼠模型, 被开发了由于广泛的可及性在小鼠系统做基因操纵。
有文献记载, 全身氧化剂应激是临床和实验性尿毒症心肌病的一个恒定特征8,9。此外, 氧化剂的压力有助于尿毒症综合征10, 并在尿毒症心肌病的发病机制中起关键作用111213。在这一点上, 我们已经证明了啮齿动物 5/6th PNx 模型导致尿毒症心肌病的生理、形态和生化特征1415,16, 17. 在这里描述的鼠标 PNx 模型中, PNx 操作的小鼠产生了明显的氧化应激, 至少部分由钠/钾 atp 酶信号传导, 这在 PNx 介导的尿毒症心肌病中是至关重要的。钠/钾 atp 酶信号的衰减不仅降低了氧化放大, 而且还改善了 PNx 介导的实验性尿毒症心肌病的型变化18。
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
大鼠 5/6th PNx 模型被广泛用于研究 CKD。由于小鼠的肾脏体积较小, 传统的动脉结扎和极切除术在小鼠模型中具有很大的挑战性, 可能造成高死亡率和意外出血/失血。
我们采用了小鼠 PNx 模型与极结扎, 以克服出血/失血。该 PNx 模型耗时少, 成活率高, 重现性好。这种极结扎模型在四周后时发展了人尿毒症心肌病的表型变化, 从而为研究其机制和治疗靶点提供了一个模型。…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
这项工作得到了 nih R15 1R15DK106666-01A1 (对 j. 刘) 和 nih RO1 HL071556 (J.I. 夏皮罗) 的支持。
Materials
| Iris Scissors, 11.5 cm, Straight | World Precision Instruments | 501758 | |
| WPI Swiss Tweezers #5 11 cm, 0.1×0.06 mm Tips | World Precision Instruments | 504506 | |
| Jewelers #5 Forceps, 11cm, Straight, Titanium | World Precision Instruments | 555227F | |
| Iris Forceps, 10cm, Straight, Serrated | World Precision Instruments | 15914 | |
| Tweezers #3, 11cm, 0.2×0.4mm Tips | World Precision Instruments | 501976 | |
| Medesy Iris 4.5" Curved Scissors, Stainless Steel | Net23 | 3512 | www.Net32.com |
| Dr. Slick Iris Scissors; 3.5" | Avid Max | 220-1-965-IrisScsrs-P | www.Avid Max.com |
| Miltex Iris Scissors 4 1/8" Curved | 4mdmedical | V95-306 | www.4mdmedical.com |
| 5" Hemostat clap, curved jaw | PJTool | 4355 | www.pjtool.com |
| sklar Knapp Iris scissors, straight and sharp/blunt 4" | Medical Device depot | 64-3430 | www.medicaldevicedepot.com |
| Kelly Hemostatic Forceps straight 5.5" | Pilgtimmedical | FA710-50 | www.pilgtimmedical.com |
| C57BL/6 mice | Hilltop Lab Animals Inc. | ||
| Mouse Handling Table and rectal thermometer | Visualsonics | ||
| MicroScan transducer | Vevo 1100 | MS400 | |
| Vevo 1100 Imaging System | FUJIFILM VisualSonics Inc. | ||
| Cystatin C ELISA kit and mouse creatinine kit | Crystal Chem. Inc. | ||
| Mouse BUN ELISA kit | MyBioSource Inc |
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