Here we demonstrate a protocol to standardize sampling procedures of an established porcine model of acute myocardial infarction in order to increase its translational value in the understanding of the pathophysiology of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and to test novel drug candidates.
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Method Article
Improvement of a Closed Chest Porcine Myocardial Infarction Model by Standardization of Tissue and Blood Sampling Procedures
In This Article
Summary
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury contributes to almost half of the necrotic area after myocardial infarction. To date there is no approved drug to prevent or reduce myocardial I/R injury. The study and understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of myocardial I/R injury is essential to develop successful treatments. Large animal experiments are an important step in translational methods. The porcine model of acute myocardial infarction has been established and described by ourselves and others. We aimed to further improve the value of the model by focusing in detail on the sampling techniques for use in future experiments. Furthermore, we emphasize small but important steps that can affect the quality of the final results. To mimic the clinical situation of myocardial I/R injury, a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) catheter was inserted into the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) of an anesthetized pig. °°°This model mimics acute myocardial infarction and PCI treatment in humans with the possibility of accurately determining the area at risk as well as the necrotic- and viable ischemic tissue. Here the model was used to investigate the effect of a bicyclic peptide inhibitor of FXIIa. The model can also be modified to allow longer reperfusion times to study later effects of myocardial infarction.
Introduction
Ischemic heart disease, in particular acute myocardial infarction (MI), is the main cause of death in developed countries 1. Today, the standard treatment of MI is percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), the balloon catheter treatment. One of the critical factors that affects quality of life and prognosis of patients after PCI-treated acute MI is the infarction size. The reduction of the size can have a great impact on patient survival and prognosis 2. Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury has a significant influence on the infarction size so one of the main aims in cardiovascular research is to prevent or reduc....
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Protocol
1. Animals:
All animals were treated according to the guidelines of the Swiss national laws. The study was approved by the local animal experimentation committee of the Canton of Bern (permission no. BE 25/16).
Use large white pigs of both sexes (~30 ± 5 kg). Divide the animals blindly into two groups, one group receiving a bicyclic (80 kDa protease) inhibitor of FXIIa or treatment of choice and the other an inactive control.
2. Surgical procedure (Figure 1)
- Anesthesia and preparation of the animal:
- Fast the....
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Results
One animal died prematurely before administration of FXIIa inhibitor or control peptide due to a technical error (sudden drop of blood pressure during ischemia time, before addition of test substance). One animal was excluded from the FXIIa inhibitor group because no ischemia/reperfusion injury was observed due to abnormal anatomy of the left anterior descending artery (LAD). A large part of the left ventricle, including the apex, was perfused by the circumflex artery in this animal. The .......
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Discussion
Myocardial I/R injury has a significant effect on the final infarct size which is directly translated into the patient's prognosis after acute myocardial infarction3. Understanding the pathophysiology of myocardial I/R injury is the first step to reduce or prevent it. Myocardial I/R injury is an acute condition that occurs directly after reperfusion of the occluded vessels. I/R injury leads to activation of the innate immune response and cellular damage occurs at the site of reperfusion and th.......
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Disclosures
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to acknowledge Professor Christian Heinis for providing the FXIIa inhibitor and the respective control. We also gratefully acknowledge Olgica Beslac, Dr. Daniel Mettler and Kay Nettelbeck from the Experimental Surgery Unit, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern for technical support. Celine Guillod and Matthias Rausch from the Department for Diagnostic, Interventional and Pediatric Radiology, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital provided support with the X-ray equipment and techniques.This project was funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation, project no. 320030_156193. We also would like to thank Mr. Reto Haenni from comm....
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Materials
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| ABL 90 Flex, blood gas analyser | Radiometer | - | Blood gas analysis (BGA) |
| ACT Plus | Medtronic | - | Activated clotting time |
| Atropin | Sintetica | - | Atropinum Sulfas, 0,5mg/ml |
| Balance (20-500 Kg) | NAGATA Scale, Tiwan | HTB/HTR | Alternative products can be used |
| Balance (21-4200 g) | Mettler toledo, Switzerland | MS4002SDR | Alternative products can be used |
| Blood collection tubes: EDTA, citrate and serum | S-Monovette, Nuembrecht, Germany | 05.1167.001, 05.1071.001 and 05.1557.001 respectively | Alternative products can be used |
| BV Pulsera mobile C-arm | Philips | - | Alternative products can be used |
| Centrifuge | Labcare, UK | ALC PK120R | Alternative products can be used |
| Defibrillator Lifepak 12 | Medtronic | - | Alternative products can be used |
| Dextran from Leuconostoc mesenteroides | Sigma-Aldrich, Germany | D3759 | Average M.wt 48000-90000 |
| Digital single lens reflex camera | Sony, Thailand | DSLR-A500/A550 | Alternative products can be used |
| Dissecting forceps | Alternative products can be used | ||
| EMPIRA RX PCI dilatation catheter | Cordis, Johnson&Johnson, USA | 85R15300S | Diameter 3 mm, length 15 mm, Alternative products can be used |
| EMPIRA RX PCI dilatation catheter | Cordis, Johnson&Johnson, USA | 85R15350S | Diameter 3.5 mm, length 15 mm, Alternative products can be used |
| Evans Blue | Sigma-Aldrich, Germany | E2129 | Toxic |
| Fabius GS premium respirator | Dräger, Lübeck, Germany | - | Anesthesia work station, Alternative products can be used |
| Fentanyl | Inselspital ISPI | - | Fentanyl 2500mcg/50ml |
| Formaldehyde | Pathology Institute, Bern University | SI148701 | Alternative products can be used |
| FXIIa inhibitor | Provided by Prof. Christian Heinis' laboratory in EPFL | Novel bicyclic peptide | |
| Galeo, coronary guidewire | Biotronik, Germany | 125497 | Alternative products can be used |
| Guidance catheter | Boston Scientific, Florida, USA | 34356-06 | 6F (100 cm, EB3.75). Alternative products can be used |
| Heparin Sodium | Drossapharm, Basel, Switzerland | - | Liquemin, 25000 U.I./5 ml |
| High end electrosurgery | BOWA, Germany | ARC 400 | Electrical source for blood suction. Alternative products can be used |
| Hydro-Guardmini breathing filter | Intersurgical, Lithuania | 1745000 | Filters |
| Image J | National Institute of Health, USA | 1.47v | Alternative products can be used |
| Inflation device, Atrion QL2530 | Atrion medical product, Alabama, USA | 96402 | Alternative products can be used |
| IntelliVue MP 70 | Philips, Boeblingen, Germany | - | Monitor (ECG, heart rate, blood presure and body temperature). Alternative products can be used |
| KCl | Sintetica SA | - | Potassium chloride 15% |
| Ketamine | Vetoquinol | - | Narketan, 1ml/100mg |
| LR-ACT | Medtronic | 402-01 | ACT special syringes |
| Midazolam | Roche | - | Dormicum, 5mg/ml |
| Monopolar scalpel | Alternative products can be used | ||
| Needle holder | Alternative products can be used | ||
| High resolution camera, PathStand Macro Imaging Stand for Grossing | Spotimaging, USA | 1080 p HD resolution. Alternative products can be used | |
| PBS | In-house preparation | - | Alternative products can be used |
| Peripheral venous cannula, 18 G | Alternative products can be used | ||
| PowerLab 4/35 data acquisition system | Adinstruments, Spechbach, Germany | - | |
| Rotamax120T | Heidolph, Germany | 544-41200-00 | Shaker. Alternative can be used |
| Rüschelit-Super Safety Clear Tube | Teleflex, Dublin, Irland | 112480 | Air way tubing, Alternative products can be used |
| Safe Pico Aspirator Syringes | Radiometer | 956-622 | BGA special syringes |
| Saline | Sintetica Bioren | - | NaCl 0,9%. Alternative products can be used |
| Sevorane 1.5% | AbbVie AG | - | Sevorane 250ml 100% |
| Sheath | Cordis, Johnson&Johnson, USA | 504-607 A | AVANTI + / 7 F, Alternative products can be used |
| Space infusion pump | B.Braun Medical AG, Germany | - | For infusion of fentanyl. Alternative products can be used |
| SPR-350 (Millar catheter) | Adinstruments, Texas, USA | 840-8166 | MIKRO-TIP, 5F, 120 cm |
| Sternotomy saw | Alternative products can be used | ||
| Sutures | ETHICON, Johnson&Johnson, USA | Y3110H | Monocryl 3-0 SH-1 Plus. Alternative products can be used |
| Syringes (20, 10 and 5 mL) | CODAN,Baar, Switzerland | 62.7602, 62.6616, 62.5607 respectively | Used to inject anesthetic materials intramuscularly or directly into the central venous line. Also to inject heparin or FXIIa or the respective control. Alternative products can be used |
| Thorax spreader | Alternative products can be used | ||
| Tissue-tek | SAKURA, Netherlands | 4583 | O.C.T. compound |
| Vascular forceps | Alternative products can be used | ||
| Xenetix 300 contrast media | Guerbet, Zürich, Switzerland | - | Lobitridol, 300 mg iodide/ml |
| Xylazine | Vetoquinol | - | Xylapan, 20mg/1 mL |
| 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium choride | Sigma-Aldrich, Austria | T8877 | |
| 500 μL tubes (eppendorf) | Trefflab, Switzerland | 96.08185.9.03 | Alternative products can be used |
References
- Mozaffarian, D., et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2016 Update. Circulation. 133, e338-e360 (2016).
- Miller, T. D., et al. Infarct size after acute myocardial infarction measured by quantitative tomographic 99....
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