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JoVE Journal Genetics

Genetics

In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression

Published: March 29, 2019 doi: 10.3791/59235
Automatic Translation
1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1
1Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, 2Amgen

Summary

This protocol outlines the steps needed to generate a model system in which the transcription of an endogenous gene of interest can be conditionally controlled in live animals or cells using enhanced lac repressor and/or tet activator systems.

Abstract

Here we describe a protocol for implementing the REMOTE-control system (Reversible Manipulation of Transcription at Endogenous loci), which allows for reversible and tunable expression control of an endogenous gene of interest in living model systems. The REMOTE-control system employs enhanced lac repression and tet activation systems to achieve down- or upregulation of a target gene within a single biological system. Tight repression can be achieved from repressor binding sites flexibly located far downstream of a transcription start site by inhibiting transcription elongation. Robust upregulation can be attained by enhancing the transcription of an endogenous gene by targeting tet transcriptional activators to the cognate promoter. This reversible and tunable expression control can be applied and withdrawn repeatedly in organisms. The potency and versatility of the system, as demonstrated for endogenous Dnmt1 here, will allow more precise in vivo functional analyses by enabling investigation of gene function at various expression levels and by testing the reversibility of a phenotype.

Introduction

Genetic knockout or transgenic approaches have been effective means to study gene function in animal models. However, expression regulation by these approaches is dichotomous (on/off), non-temporal, and thus is not capable of revealing the complete functional spectrum of a gene. Conditional Cre/LoxP technologies have allowed spatio-temporal inactivation or activation of gene function, but their dichotomous nature continues to pose limitations, such as cell lethality and irreversibility1,2,3. In order to fill this void, conditional knockdown approaches have been developed using tet-regulated shRNA or miRNA4. However, off-target effects remain a concern for RNAi5 and have been challenging to control in vivo. More recently, CRISPR/Cas-mediated transcriptional-control technologies have introduced a more versatile approach to achieving both up- and downregulation of endogenous gene expression and demonstrated their utilities6,7. However, the effectiveness of CRISPR/Cas-mediated transcriptional control is as yet unclear in vivo, and the reversibility of KRAB-based repression remains to be seen, as strong repression by KRAB and its interacting protein KAP1 has been shown to induce permanent gene silencing8,9.

In order to address these limitations, we have developed a novel transcriptional regulatory system capable of conditionally controlling endogenous gene expression in a reversible and tunable manner in mice using engineered prokaryotic binary transcriptional regulatory systems10. Prokaryotic binary transcriptional regulatory systems with regulatory ligands, such as lac and tet, have enabled such reversible and tunable expression control11,12,13,14. However, the inadequate repression potency of the current binary systems has impeded their broad adoption for controlling endogenous gene expression in mammals. We developed an enhanced lac repression system sufficiently potent for the repression of endogenous genes and employed a novel strategy of targeting tet transcriptional activators directly to the cognate promoter of an endogenous gene to achieve robust upregulation (Figure 1)10. With this technology, we have achieved nearly two orders of magnitude expression control of the endogenous Dnmt1 gene in a tunable, inducible, and reversible manner10. Here we provide step-by-step instructions for its in vivo application to other genes and organisms using mice as a model species.

Figure 1
Figure 1: Overview of the REMOTE-control system. The transcription of an endogenous target gene can be regulated using engineered lac repressor and tet activator systems. The target gene promoter or intron is engineered to contain operators for the tight-binding LacIGY repressor and/or the rtTA-M2 activator. R indicates Repron (Repression intron), which contains 12 symmetric lac operators (S) plus a partial rabbit beta-globin intron. T indicates tet operator. The repressor and/or activator is/are expressed from a tissue-specific promoter. The expression of the target gene can then be reversibly tuned to the desired expression level by administration of IPTG (isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside, an antagonist of the LacIGY repressor) or Doxycycline (Dox). This figure has been modified from Lee et al.10 Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Before beginning this protocol, review Table 1 to identify the relevant steps for the desired control of gene expression. For example, to engineer a mouse that enables reversible downregulation of “Gene X”, complete sections 1, 3, and 4 of the below protocol. Table 1 also summarizes the needed components of the REMOTE-control system.

Desired Expression Change Repression only Activation only Both Repression and Activation
Relevant Sections of Protocol 1, 3-4 2-4 1-4
REMOTE-control Sequence Needed in Target Gene Repron ("Repression intron"; 12 symmetric lac operators plus a partial rabbit beta-globin intron) Tet operator(s) Repron and Tet operator(s)
REMOTE-control Sequence Location Intron Promoter Intron & Promoter
Activator/Repressor Needed for Desired Control LacIGY Repressor rtTA-M2 Activator LacIGY Repressor and rtTA-M2 Activator
Regulatory Ligands IPTG Doxycycline IPTG and/or Doxycycline

Table 1: Overview of REMOTE-control components.

Protocol

All animal procedures were conducted with the approval of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the University of Southern California and the Van Andel Research Institute and in compliance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals from the National Institutes of Health15.

1. Modify the gene of interest for repression by REMOTE-control

  1. Using the guidelines below, identify a transcriptionally inert intron toward the 5’ end of the gene of interest for insertion of the Repron sequence ("Repression intron"; 12 symmetric lac operators plus a partial rabbit beta-globin intron). Be aware of alternative promoters for the gene of interest, and choose an intron according to the transcript(s) to be controlled (i.e. an intron shared by all transcripts or one specific to a desired transcript).
    NOTE: For genes without an intron or with ones toward the 3’ end, insert the Repron sequence into the promoter (see Lee, et al.10 for a detailed procedure).
    1. Obtain the genomic sequence for the gene of interest.
      1. Navigate to the UCSC Genome Browser16,17, and select the latest draft of the mouse genome (Mouse GRCm38/mm10 at time of publication), which is currently under the Genomes tab.
      2. Enter the name or symbol of the gene of interest into the search bar to view the transcripts for the gene. Click go.
      3. Select the desired transcript variant for the gene of interest.
      4. Click on the gene symbol next to the transcript variant of interest (the symbol of the previously selected transcript will be in a dark box).
      5. Under the Sequence and Links to Tools and Databases banner, click the Genomic Sequence link.
      6. For Sequence Retrieval Region Options, select only Exons (5’ UTR, CDS, and 3’ UTR), Introns, and the default One FASTA record per gene. For Sequence Formatting Options, select Exons in upper case, everything else in lower case and Mask Repeats to N (to conceal repetitive sequences). Then click submit.
      7. Save this sequence, preserving the upper- and lowercase formatting, in a document or program that can be annotated.
    2. Avoid interruption of CpG islands, which may indicate regions with gene regulatory function.
      NOTE: Though a 5’ intron is preferable for insertion of the Repron sequence, the first intron may contain transcriptional regulatory elements such as CpG islands (examined in this step) or enhancer elements (examined in step 1.1.4), which are to be avoided for Repron insertion.
      1. Under the Expression and Regulation banner of the UCSC Genome Browser, select show for the CpG Islands track, and click refresh.
      2. Zooming in on the 5’ introns, click on each CpG island (shown in green at the time of publication if present), and select View DNA for this feature.
      3. After selecting Mask repeats to N, select get DNA to obtain the CpG island sequence.
      4. Overlay these sequences with the original sequence file, and annotate these as intronic regions to avoid due to possible gene regulatory functions.
    3. Avoid interruption of non-coding RNAs, in case they have a regulatory function.
      1. Under the Genes and Gene Predictions banner of the UCSC Genome Browser, select show for the GENCODE (Ensembl) track, and click refresh.
      2. Zooming in on the 5’ introns, click on each non-coding RNA (shown in green at the time of publication if present), and obtain the DNA sequence for each by clicking on its chromosomal coordinates.
      3. In the View dropdown menu, select DNA, and click Mask repeats to N. Then click get DNA.
      4. Overlay these sequences with the original sequence file, and annotate these as intronic regions to avoid due to possible gene regulatory functions.
    4. Avoid intronic regions with enhancer signatures in the tissue(s) of interest, such as H3K4me1, H3K27ac, and DNase I hypersensitivity18,19,20,21, as well as CTCF binding sites, which regulate enhancer looping22,23.
      1. Navigate to the ENCODE database24,25, and select the Experiments icon.
      2. For the assay type, select ChIP-seq or DNase-seq, and populate the other categories (Organism, Biosample type, etc.) according to the cells to be engineered.
      3. After feature selection, hover over the pictograms in blue, and select the one for which View Results as List appears (left-most pictogram at time of publication).
      4. Select the datasets for the targets of H3K4me1, H3K27ac, DNase I, and CTCF that most closely match the cells to be engineered.
      5. Within each relevant dataset, scroll to the Files section, verify that mm10 (or the latest genome version) and UCSC are selected, and click the Visualize button.
      6. Now in the UCSC Genome Browser and zooming in on the 5’ introns for the gene of interest, click on each H3K4me1, H3K27ac, DNase I, and CTCF peak in their respective annotated peak tracks.
      7. Obtain the DNA sequence for each peak region by clicking on its chromosomal coordinates.
      8. In the View dropdown menu, select DNA, and click Mask repeats to N. Then click get DNA.
      9. Overlay these sequences with the original sequence file, and annotate these as intronic regions to avoid due to possible gene regulatory functions.
    5. Avoid disruption of consensus splicing sequences, so as not to interfere with appropriate splicing of the exons.
      NOTE: Although sequences required for splicing are largely confined to about six bases at the 5' end of an intron26 and about 60 bases at the 3' end27, it is advisable to select a large intron, allowing for considerably wider margins from these consensus regions to minimize the likelihood of impacting splicing. Use of intron analysis tools, such as SVM-BPfinder28, is recommended for a more thorough analysis of potential splice sequences.
  2. After identifying an intronic region that meets the above criteria (as exemplified for Dnmt1 in the supplementary data), screen the sequence using an online sgRNA design tool to identify an sgRNA in the region with high specificity and predicted efficiency scores.
    1. Navigate to an online sgRNA design tool of choice, such as CRISPOR29.
    2. Enter the sequence of the intronic region of interest, specify the relevant reference genome, and select the desired Protospacer Adjacent Motif (PAM). Click Submit.
    3. Sort the predicted sgRNAs by specificity score, and select one or more sgRNAs that also have a high predicted efficiency score29.
      1. Optional: To maximize the likelihood of using an effective sgRNA, first test the cleavage efficiency of several top-scoring sgRNAs in an in vitro assay30, and proceed with the most efficient sgRNA in vivo.
  3. Design a DNA template containing a PITT (Pronuclear Injection-based Targeted Transgenesis) landing pad sequence, as exemplified in Supplementary Figure 1A,B, flanked on both sides by 60-base homology arms that correspond to the sgRNA cut site31.
    NOTE: The landing pad contains two heterotypic loxP sites (JT15 and Lox2272) and enables targeted insertion of large sequences through a two-step approach; be sure that the junctions of this insertion do not create cryptic splice sites. Alternatively, an embryonic stem cell (ESC)-based knock-in strategy can be used to insert the Repron sequence directly.
  4. Prepare the sgRNA, Cas9 protein, and the single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) template for the landing pad, and microinject into fertilized eggs (from B6C3F1/J mice or other desired strain) according to established protocols32,33.
  5. Screen for mice with the landing pad knock-in.
    1. Design PCR primers complementary to the genomic locus but outside of the regions targeted by the homology arms, as demonstrated for Dnmt1 in Supplementary Figure 1C. Avoid repetitive genomic sequences when designing the primers.
    2. Extract DNA from tail clips of the mice according to established protocols34.
    3. Use PCR and gel electrophoresis to identify mice with a landing pad insertion.
    4. Confirm that the knock-in was successful by sequencing the PCR products.
      NOTE: Unwanted large deletions and rearrangements can be introduced by CRISPR/Cas935, so careful screening for off-target editing is advised before proceeding35,36,37.
  6. Using fertilized eggs from the landing pad mice, microinject iCre mRNA38 and a transgenic plasmid containing the Repron sequence flanked by JTZ17 and Lox2272 recombination sites31,39,40,41 according to established methods38,42,43.
  7. Screen for mice with the Repron insertion.
    1. Design PCR primers complementary to the genomic locus, outside of the Repron insert. Avoid repetitive genomic sequences when designing the primers.
    2. Extract DNA from tail clips of the mice according to established protocols34.
    3. Use PCR and gel electrophoresis to identify mice with a Repron insertion.
    4. Confirm the knock-in was successful by sequencing the PCR products.

2. Modify the gene of interest for upregulation by REMOTE-control

  1. Using the guidelines below, identify a region in the promoter of the gene of interest that is unlikely to perturb promoter function upon insertion of tet operator sequences. Be aware of alternative promoters for the gene of interest, and choose a promoter according to the transcript(s) to be controlled (i.e. a promoter shared by all transcripts or one specific to a desired transcript).
    1. Obtain the genomic sequence for the promoter of interest.
      1. Navigate to the UCSC Genome Browser16,17, and select the latest draft of the mouse genome (Mouse GRCm38/mm10 at time of publication), which is currently under the Genomes tab.
      2. Enter the name or symbol of the gene of interest into the search bar to view the transcripts for the gene. Click go.
      3. Select the desired transcript variant for the gene of interest.
      4. Click on the gene symbol next to the transcript variant of interest (the gene symbol of the previously selected transcript will be in a dark box).
      5. Under the Sequence and Links to Tools and Databases banner, click the Genomic Sequence link.
      6. For Sequence Retrieval Region Options, select only Promoter/Upstream by 1000 bases. For Sequence Formatting Options, select Mask Repeats to N (to conceal repetitive sequences). Then click submit.
      7. Save this promoter sequence in a document or program that can be annotated.
    2. Select regions that are free of putative transcription factor binding sites, as interrupting these sequences may alter endogenous gene expression.
      1. Navigate to the UCSC Genome Browser, and open the latest version of the mouse genome.
      2. Above the Mapping and Sequencing banner, select track hubs.
      3. Click mm10 next to the hub name of JASPAR 2018 TFBS (or the latest JASPAR version).
      4. Enter the name or symbol of the gene of interest into the search bar to view the transcripts for the gene. Click go.
      5. Select the desired transcript variant for the gene of interest.
      6. Scroll down to the JASPAR 2018 TFBS banner, and click the dropdown arrow to select the desired viewing option for the track, such as squish. Click refresh.
      7. Zoom into the promoter region of the gene of interest, and identify regions that are free (or relatively free) of transcription factor binding sites according to the JASPAR track. Record the chromosomal coordinates of these regions.
      8. Obtain the genomic sequence of these chromosomal coordinates by typing them into the search bar and clicking go. In the View dropdown menu, select DNA, and click Mask repeats to N. Then click get DNA.
      9. Overlay these sequences with the original sequence file, and annotate these as ideal promoter regions to target due to lack of transcription factor binding.
    3. Within these sequences, select a perturbable promoter region that is upstream but near the transcription start site of the gene of interest.
      NOTE: An insertion that is too close to the transcription start site may increase the chance of impairing promoter activity, but an insertion that is too far may decrease the level of upregulation. Inserting tet operator sequences about 200 basepairs upstream of the transcription start site has resulted in robust upregulation of the two promoters tested (see discussion)10.
  2. Screen the selected promoter region using an online sgRNA design tool to identify an sgRNA in the region with high specificity and predicted efficiency scores.
    1. Navigate to an online sgRNA design tool of choice, such as CRISPOR29.
    2. Enter the sequence of the region of interest, specify the relevant reference genome, and select the desired Protospacer Adjacent Motif (PAM). Click Submit.
    3. Sort the predicted sgRNAs by specificity score, and select one or more sgRNAs that also have a high predicted efficiency score29.
      1. Optional: To maximize the likelihood of using an effective sgRNA, first test the cleavage efficiency of several sgRNAs in an in vitro assay30, and proceed with the most efficient sgRNA in vivo.
  3. Design a DNA template containing tet operators flanked on both sides by 60-base homology arms that correspond to the sgRNA cut site31,33.
    NOTE: The number of tet operators is customizable; insertion of two to four tet operator sequences in tandem has previously been shown to be effective, but in principle more operators are desirable for driving higher expression. Alternatively, an ESC-based knock-in strategy can be used to insert the tet operators.
    1. Optional: For experimental evidence that the proposed modifications will likely not disrupt the endogenous transcriptional activity of the gene of interest, clone the engineered promoter sequence into a firefly luciferase vector (such as pGL3-Basic), and compare its efficacy to the original promoter using a luciferase assay.
  4. Prepare the sgRNA, Cas9 protein, and the ssDNA template containing the tet operator sequences, and microinject into fertilized eggs (from B6C3F1/J mice or other desired strain) according to established protocols32,33.
    NOTE: Due to the complexity of synthesizing a repetitive sequence, an in vitro transcription/reverse transcription-based approach is recommended to synthesize a ssDNA template from a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) plasmid44. Alternatively, a dsDNA template may be used for microinjection, but the knock-in efficiency may be reduced45.
  5. Screen for mice with knock-in of the tet operators.
    1. Design PCR primers complementary to the genomic locus, outside of the regions targeted by the homology arms. Avoid repetitive genomic sequences when designing the primers.
    2. Extract DNA from tail clips of the mice according to established protocols34.
    3. Use PCR and gel electrophoresis to identify mice with the insertion of the tet operators.
    4. Confirm that the knock-in was successful by sequencing the PCR products.
      NOTE: Unwanted large deletions and rearrangements can be introduced by CRISPR/Cas935, so careful screening for off-target editing is advised before proceeding35,36,37.

3. Develop activator- and/or repressor-expressing mice

  1. Identify a robustly expressing promoter for the tissue(s) or cell type(s) of interest.
    NOTE: A literature search and the Tissue-Specific Promoter Database46 may be useful for identifying such a promoter.
  2. Place the provided enhanced lac repressor or tet activator sequence downstream of the desired promoter to generate a transgenic construct.
  3. Produce the transgenic mouse line(s) using standard transgenic procedures42,43,47. Alternatively, a site-specific transgenesis approach can be used to avoid position effects and to allow single-copy transgene insertion31,48.
  4. Propagate the founders, and determine the expression pattern and level of the transgene in the offspring of each founder. Select lines with robust expression in the intended tissue type(s) for further breeding.
    1. Breed the founders to wildtype mice.
    2. Design PCR primers that will detect the insertion of the activator and/or repressor.
    3. Extract DNA from tail clips of the offspring according to established protocols34.
    4. Use PCR and gel electrophoresis to identify mice with the insertion.
    5. Confirm the transgene insertion by sequencing of the PCR products.
    6. Propogate the transgenic lines.
    7. Sacrifice a few pups from each line, and collect the tissues of interest for qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and/or western blotting to analyze the expression of the gene/protein of interest in the target tissue type(s).
    8. Select the lines with the strongest expression in the tissues of interest for use in section 4.

4. Manipulate gene expression in vivo

  1. Breed the mice with the modified gene of interest (section 1 and/or 2) with the transgenic mice from section 3 according to established breeding practices49. For maximal expression control, breed the mice to homozygosity for the modified allele.
  2. For reversion or adjustment of repression of the target gene, administer IPTG in the drinking water.
    1. To experimentally determine the dose of IPTG to use, treat mice of the appropriate genotype and controls with one of a range of doses (recommended starting range: 0 – 400 mM IPTG) for at least one week50,51. Include at least three mice per treatment group, and select the age and sex of mice that are most relevant to the planned future experiments. NOTE: Breeding pairs of mice can be treated with IPTG water to provide developmental exposure of IPTG to the offspring if desired13, or mice can begin treatment any time after birth.
      1. Dissolve the desired mass of IPTG in sterile distilled water on the day of administration, and stir with a stir bar for 5 minutes or until fully dissolved.
      2. Wrap the bottle with foil, and administer the IPTG water in a light-protected bottle. Replace twice a week. Provide the same source of water to mice receiving 0 mM IPTG.
      3. After at least one week, sacrifice the mice, and analyze the expression of the gene of interest in the target tissue(s) using qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and/or western blotting.
      4. Identify the dose that restores the expression of the gene of interest to that of wildtype controls, and use this dose to achieve normal expression of the gene in future experiments.
  3. For induction of gene upregulation, administer Doxycycline (Dox) in the diet.
    1. To experimentally determine the concentration of Dox to administer, treat mice of the appropriate genotype and controls with one of a range of Dox concentrations (recommended starting range: 0 – 5000 mg/kg Doxycycline Hyclate) for at least one week52,53, including at least three mice per treatment group. Purchase Dox-containing mouse food from a commercial vendor.
      NOTE: Breeding pairs of mice can be treated with Dox food to provide developmental exposure of Dox to the offspring if desired54,55, or mice can begin treatment any time after birth.
    2. Replace the diet once per week. Provide the same base diet to mice receiving Dox-free food.
    3. After at least one week, sacrifice the mice, and analyze the expression of the gene of interest in the target tissue(s) using qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and/or western blotting.
    4. Identify the dose that elevates the expression of the gene of interest to the desired level, and use this dose to achieve overexpression of the gene in future experiments.

Representative Results

The repression capability of the REMOTE-control system has been demonstrated in two different approaches thus far. In the first approach, lac repressor binding sites were inserted at the endogenous promoter of the Dnmt1 gene. In the second approach, which is recommended by this protocol, the repressor binding sites were inserted into a downstream intron to avoid the potential risk of affecting promoter function by the insertion and thereby to simplify application of the REMOTE-control system. Both approaches resulted in successful repression (Figure 2A,B and Figure 3A-C)10. Dnmt1 expression was repressed to 15% of the unregulated levels using the promoter-based approach (Figure 2A). This tight repression was reversed in a dose-dependent manner by treating mice with varying amounts of IPTG (Figure 2A). The observed Dnmt1 repression was validated at the protein level by immunostaining (Figure 2B). We did not observe any noticeable difference in Dnmt1 expression between Dnmt1+/+ and Dnmt1LO/LO mice, confirming that our lac operator insertion had not disrupted normal promoter function10. The intron-based approach achieved more than 90% repression from operators located several kilobases downstream of the transcription start site by attenuating transcription elongation (Figure 3A, B)10. This intron-based approach was further validated on seven additional robust promoters (Figure 3C). Invariably tight repression was achieved from all of the promoters tested. No correlation between the residual expression levels and the strengths of the promoters was observed, suggesting that the repression capacity of our intron-based repression system exceeds the transcriptional potency of all of the robust promoters we tested (Figure 3C).

The in vivo upregulation capability of the REMOTE-control system was also demonstrated on the Dnmt1 gene. We introduced two copies of the tet operator into the Dnmt1 promoter, together with lac operator sequences, to allow for either upregulation or downregulation depending on which effector protein is present. Robust upregulation and downregulation of Dnmt1 expression, close to two orders of magnitude (10% to 650%), were achieved in ESCs containing the modified endogenous Dnmt1 allele (Dnmt1LGT) (Figure 4A)10. Both regulations were fully reversible and inducible by IPTG and Dox treatments, respectively (Figure 4A). We next introduced the Dnmt1LGT modification into the mouse germline to test the in vivo upregulation capability of the REMOTE-control system. Strong upregulation of Dnmt1 was observed from the liver, spleen, and kidney, whereas no detectable upregulation in the heart was observed (Figure 4B)7. The cell cycle-dependent expression pattern of Dnmt1 and the scarcity of proliferative cells in the heart may underlie this observation10,56. It remains to be seen whether this limitation can be overcome by increasing the expression level of the activator or the number of its binding sites.

Figure 2
Figure 2: In vivo repression of Dnmt1 by the LacIGY repressor. (A) Mice with lac operators (LO) inserted into the Dnmt1 promoter, with or without expression of LacIGY, were treated with various doses of IPTG. qRT-PCR analysis of Dnmt1 expression shows the dose-dependent reversal of Dnmt1 repression in vivo by IPTG treatment. Each bar represents data from a different mouse. Data represent mean ± SEM (n = 3). (B) Immunostaining of Dnmt1 protein in colonic crypts of mice provided drinking water with or without 160 mM IPTG for 3 weeks. This figure has been modified from Lee et al.10 Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 3
Figure 3: In vivo and in vitro repression of various promoters by the REMOTE-control system. (A) An early version of the Repron sequence (R*) was inserted into an intron downstream of the Villin promoter in a Villin-mKate2 transgenic mouse (VilmKate2). qRT-PCR analysis of mKate2 expression in the small intestine of mice with or without the LacIGY repressor is shown. Each bar represents data from a different mouse. (B) Confocal mKate2 images of the small intestine with and without LacIGY expression. (C) Six symmetric lac operators (S) were inserted between various promoters and a luciferase reporter. Reporters (50 ng/well in 96-well plate) and repressor plasmids were transiently introduced into NIH/3T3 cells in a 1:1 molar ratio. Luciferase values were assessed 24 h after transfection. These in vitro data represent the percent of luciferase expression in LacIGY-expressing cells relative to those expressing non-functional LacI (NFlacI). T-tests were used to determine statistical significance. Data represent mean ± SEM (n = 3). *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01. This figure has been modified from Lee et al.10 Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 4
Figure 4: Down- and/or upregulation of Dnmt1 expression in vitro and in vivo. (A) The complete REMOTE-control system was engineered in cultured ESCs by gene targeting and electroporation approaches. Maximal repression of Dnmt1 expression was achieved with no treatment while maximal activation was achieved by both IPTG and Dox treatment. Data represent mean ± SEM (n = 3). *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01 (Welch’s t-tests). (B) In vivo activation of Dnmt1 by the REMOTE-control system, as demonstrated by immunostaining of Dnmt1 protein in various tissues from REMOTE-control mice. The LGT allele represents promoter modification of Dnmt1 to contain lac operator and tet activator binding sites. Mice were treated with a normal or Dox-containing diet (5000 mg/kg Doxycycline Hyclate) for one month. This figure has been modified from Lee et al.10 Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Supplementary Figure 1
Supplementary Figure 1: Example of landing pad insertion into murine Dnmt1 intron 1. (A) Schematic of DNA template for landing pad insertion, adapted from Quadros et al. (2015)31. Heterotypic loxP sites, JT15 and Lox2272, are separated by a short spacer sequence (sp) and flanked on each side by 60-bp of DNA that is homologous to the target genomic region. (B) Sample DNA template for landing pad insertion into the Dnmt1 intron using the following sgRNA: CTAGTACCACTCCTGTACCG (which targets the reverse strand). The selected intronic region was bioinformatically informed by step 1.1, and the sgRNA was identified using CRISPOR29. (C) Example of PCR primer design for assessing insertion of the landing pad. PCR primers were designed outside of the homology arms of the template to confirm integration into endogenous Dnmt1. The wildtype PCR amplicon is 213 bp; upon insertion, it becomes 291 bp. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Discussion

A critical step and potential limitation of the REMOTE-control system is the challenge associated with the insertion of the repressor and/or activator binding sites without affecting target gene expression. Our original repression approach, as applied to the Dnmt1 gene, involved insertion of lac repressor binding sites within transcriptionally critical regions of a promoter. In order to reduce the risk of affecting promoter function and thus to improve the general applicability of the REMOTE-control system, we developed an intron-based repression approach. The potency of our enhanced lac system allowed us to tightly repress the transcription of all the strong promoters we tested at operators located hundreds to several kilobases downstream of the transcription start sites (Figure 3A–C)10. Importantly, the levels of repression were independent of the transcriptional strengths of the promoters (Figure 3A–C)10. This suggests that the repression capacity of our intron-based repression system exceeds the transcriptional strength of the tested promoters. In this intron-based approach, it is likely that the repression is mediated through physical interference between two components, the transcription elongation machinery and the lac repressors57. This simple repression mechanism and the demonstrated robustness of the intron-based method may render this approach generally applicable to different genes, tissues, and organisms.

The upregulation by the REMOTE-control system requires the transactivator binding sequences to be in proximity to the target gene promoter, which entails a risk of affecting promoter function. However, we found that the position of binding sequences can be outside of the transcriptionally critical region. Both Dnmt1 and EF1α promoters were robustly upregulated from tet operators located a couple of hundred bases upstream of the transcription start sites10. This relaxed constraint greatly reduces the chance of affecting promoter function of a target gene in the absence of the transactivator. Increasing the number of binding sequences and/or use of stronger transactivators could help further reduce the risk by enabling upregulation from sites farther away from the transcription start site.

Our REMOTE-control system provides elegant control of the level, timing, and location of endogenous gene expression, allowing for testing the reversibility of a phenotype and the consequences of different expression levels, which are not readily achievable by current in vivo gene expression-control technologies. It is important to note that in most gene expression analyses, including ours, expression values represent the average of a population of cells among which considerable variation can be found. This heterogeneity may influence cellular decision-making processes, such as differentiation or apoptosis58. Though the precision of gene expression control could likely be further improved by additional genetic circuit engineering59, the observed potency of our current system will allow useful investigation of gene function in many biological contexts. In addition, a high degree of target specificity is expected because of the complexity of the operator sequences as well as the large evolutionary distance between mammals and the originating species of the regulatory components60. Furthermore, transgenic mouse lines of repressors and activators can be developed and employed for any endogenous gene. For example, existing tet transactivator mouse models can be adapted to accomplish upregulation of a target gene in the desired mouse tissues. We recently developed a transgenic line that can drive robust tissue-specific expression of our enhanced lac repressor in multiple tissue types when combined with existing Cre lines by introducing the lacIGY gene into the Hipp11 locus48 under the control of a Lox-STOP-Lox element (unpublished). This line would substantially facilitate the tissue-specific application of the REMOTE-control system.

Gene upregulation by the REMOTE-control system provides several advantages in comparison to current inducible transgenic approaches. It does not require generation of multiple transgenic lines to test for position effects of the insertion, as it utilizes the endogenous locus. Additionally, this approach is well-suited for upregulation of genes with strong baseline expression because it enhances expression from an already robust promoter, whereas conventional transgenic models rely on minimal viral promoters. Lastly, the tissue specificity, cell-cycle control, and splicing variants of a target gene may be retained upon upregulation by our approach, as it preserves elements of natural regulation such as innate cis-regulatory elements. The advent of CRISPR/Cas-mediated gene-targeting technology will greatly facilitate the application of this technology in diverse model systems.

Disclosures

PWL serves on the Scientific Advisory Boards of AnchorDx and Progenity, Inc.

Acknowledgments

We thank the late Dr Heidi Scrable for her generous gift of the mammalian lacI gene construct (Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN), Dr Daniel Louvard (Institut Curie, Paris, France) for providing the Villin promoter, and Dr Laurie Jackson-Grusby (Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA) for her contributions to the early stages of this technology development. We are grateful for Dr Nancy Wu and Dr Robert Maxson for their assistance in generating the transgenic and knockout mice. We thank the members of the Laird laboratory for helpful discussions and support. This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health [R01 CA75090, R01 DA030325, R01 CA157918, and R01 CA212374 to P.W.L. and 1F31CA213897-01A1 to N.A.V.S].

Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
B6C3F1/J The Jackson Laboratory 100010 https://www.jax.org/strain/100010
Cas9 Protein PNA Bio CP04 http://www.pnabio.com/products/CRISPR_Cas9.htm?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIsoG8pLL33QIVBr7ACh0naQ4dEAAYAiAAEgKyHvD_BwE
CRISPOR Haeussler et al. 2016 http://crispor.tefor.net/
Doxycycline-Containing Mouse Diet Envigo Varies by concentration https://www.envigo.com/products-services/teklad/laboratory-animal-diets/custom-research/doxycycline-diets/
ENCODE Database Stanford University https://www.encodeproject.org/
iCre mRNA synthesis plasmid (pBBI) Addgene 65795 https://www.addgene.org/65795/
IPTG GoldBio I2481C https://www.goldbio.com/search?isSearch=Y&q=iptg
pGL3-Basic Promega E1751 https://www.promega.com/products/reporter-assays-and-transfection/reporter-vectors-and-cell-lines/pgl3-luciferase-reporter-vectors/?catNum=E1751
SVM-BPfinder Regulatory Genomics, Pompeu Fabra University http://regulatorygenomics.upf.edu/Software/SVM_BP/
TiProD: Tissue specific promoter Database Department of Bioinformatics, UMG, University of Göttingen  http://tiprod.bioinf.med.uni-goettingen.de
UCSC Genome Browser University of California Santa Cruz https://genome.ucsc.edu/

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Tags

In Vivo Application REMOTE-control System Endogenous Gene Expression Versatility Potency Robust Control Existing Methods Gene Function Expression Levels Spatio-temporal Manner Reversibility Of Phenotype Disease-related Genes Repression Target Gene Intron Repron R Lac Operators LacIGY Repressor Tissue-specific Promoter Repression Reversal IPTG Upregulation Target Gene Promoter Tat Operators RtTA-M2 Activators Doxycycline Concentration Adjustment Combined Systems
In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression
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Vander Schaaf, N. A., Oghamian, S.,… More

Vander Schaaf, N. A., Oghamian, S., Park, J. A., Kang, L., Laird, P. W., Lee, K. H. In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression. J. Vis. Exp. (145), e59235, doi:10.3791/59235 (2019).

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