Application of Consistent Massage-Like Perturbations on Mouse Calves and Monitoring the Resulting Intramuscular Pressure Changes

Summary

Here we describe the protocols for applying defined mechanical loads to mouse calves and for monitoring the concomitant intramuscular pressure changes. The experimental systems that we have developed can be useful for investigating the mechanism behind the beneficial effects of physical exercise and massage.

Abstract

Massage is generally recognized to be beneficial for relieving pain and inflammation. Although previous studies have reported anti-inflammatory effects of massage on skeletal muscles, the molecular mechanisms behind are poorly understood. We have recently developed a simple device to apply local cyclical compression (LCC), which can generate intramuscular pressure waves with varying amplitudes. Using this device, we have demonstrated that LCC modulates inflammatory responses of macrophages in situ and alleviates immobilization-induced muscle atrophy. Here, we describe protocols for the optimization and application of LCC as a massage-like intervention against immobilization-induced inflammation and atrophy of skeletal muscles of mouse hindlimbs. The protocol that we have developed can be useful for investigating the mechanism underlying beneficial effects of physical exercise and massage. Our experimental system provides a prototype of the analytical approach to elucidate the mechanical regulation of muscle homeostasis, although further development needs to be made for more comprehensive studies.

Introduction

Massage is generally recognized to be beneficial for both pain relief and improvement of the physical performance among competitive athletes and non-athletes alike^1,2. In fact, previous studies have shown that massage suppresses local inflammation³ and prompts recovery from the post-exercise muscle damage^4,5. Molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of massage remain largely unknown.

One of the difficulties with the mechanistic investigation on massage relates to the reproducibility of experimental techniques by which massage-like interventions are tested. In previous studies, experimental procedures that mimic massage mostly involve the application of physical interventions using practitioners’ body parts, such as palms and fingers^6,7,8. This makes it is difficult to precisely reproduce their magnitude, frequency, duration, and mode.

Many devices have been developed to apply defined mechanical loads to the target tissues. For example, Zeng et al. have developed a pneumatic system for the length-wise mechanical loading to rats’ hindlimbs⁹ and Wang et al. have developed a mechatronic device that can apply massage-like mechanical loads to hindlimbs of rats and rabbits with real-time feedback control¹⁰. Compared to them, our local cyclical compression (LCC) system is much simpler, demanding far less cost for construction. Nonetheless, we can reproduce the intramuscular pressure changes that are generated during the mild muscle contraction. Using this device, we have successfully demonstrated that the massage-like mechanical interventions modulate local interstitial fluid dynamics and alleviate immobilization-induced muscle atrophy¹¹.

Here, we describe the details of our device and the protocol, which may help explore the molecular mechanisms behind the positive effects of exercises and massages. The schematics of the protocol is presented as Supplementary Figure 1.

Protocol

All animal experiments were conducted under the approval by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities.

1. Immobilization of the mouse bilateral hindlimbs

NOTE: Male C57BL/6 mice were used for experiments at the age of 11 - 12 weeks after acclimation for at least 7 days.

1. Adequately anesthetize a mouse using sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg i.p.). Make sure that mice do not respond to a hindlimb toe pinch.
   NOTE: Conduct the procedure of immobilization between 10 a.m. and 7 p.m. to minimize the possible effects on the feeding activity of mice.
2. Apply surgical tapes to the bilateral hindlimbs of the mouse laid in a supine position with the knee joints extended and ankle joints plantar-flexed.
3. Place an aluminum wire (see Table of Materials) on the trunk at L4-5 spine level and coil the wire in a spiral configuration around the hindlimbs with 5 mm gaps between each turn of the spiral layer (Figure 1A). Make sure not to coil the wire too tightly and avoid disturbing the local blood flow.
4. To minimize the possibility of escape from wiring, immobilize the hip joints at the position of 90° abduction by manually adjusting the configuration of aluminum wire.
5. Return the mice to their original cages. 3 h later, make sure that they recover from anesthesia and access to food and water as usual.
6. House 3 - 6 immobilized mice per cage as before immobilization.

2. Measurement of intramuscular pressure of mouse gastrocnemius muscles

NOTE: Several different weights of cylindrical units (36 g, 66 g, and 200 g) were tested in the pressure-monitoring experiments combined with LCC. This measurement was conducted separately from the experiments to analyze muscle inflammation and atrophy (see step 3 - 5 for more details) i.e., the mice subjected to pressure measurement were not used for histological analyses.

1. Because pressure measurement involves more invasive procedures (e.g., skin incision and needle insertion) as compared to hindlimb wiring and LCC, use a mixture of three anesthetic agents (medetomidine 0.75 mg/kg, midazolam 4.0 mg/kg, and butorphanol 5.0 mg/kg, i.p.). Make sure that mice do not respond to the hindlimb toe pinch.
2. Lay the mouse in a prone position, make a 2-mm incision with a scalpel on the posterior calf after depilating with an electric shaver and semi-sterilizing the skin surface with 70% ethanol- and Chlorhexidine-soaked absorbent cotton.
3. Insert a 20 G indwelling needle into the gastrocnemius muscle at an obtuse angle (150° – 170°) to the skin surface.
4. Using the plastic sheath of the needle as a guide, place a sensor of the blood pressure telemeter (see Table of Materials) in the mid-belly of gastrocnemius muscle, and then remove the sheath from the muscle.
5. After suturing the skin with 4-0 nylon suture, apply LCC with several different weights of cylindrical units to the calf in the mice (see step 3 for more details), and monitor the intramuscular pressure using software for biological signal analysis (see Table of Materials).
6. Return the mice to their original cages. 3 h later, make sure that they recover from anesthesia/analgesia and have access to food and water as usual.

3. Local cyclical compression (LCC) on mouse calves

1. Except for the intramuscular pressure measurement and euthanizing (i.e., cervical dislocation), use sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg i.p.) for anesthesia.
2. Disengage the mouse from hindlimb wiring and lay it in a prone position with the knee joints extended and the ankle joints plantar-flexed so that the calves faced upward. Do not fix the mouse hindlimbs on the stage.
3. Apply LCC to the calf by vertically moving a cylindrical weight unit (Figure 1B) covered with a cushion pad (Figure 1C) at 1 Hz for 30 min per day, 7 days.
4. After each bout of daily LCC, re-wire the mouse hindlimbs.

4. Immunohistochemical analysis of gastrocnemius

1. Euthanize the mouse by cervical dislocation under adequate anesthesia/analgesia by intraperitoneal injection of a mixture of three anesthetic agents (medetomidine 0.75 mg/kg, midazolam 4.0 mg/kg, and butorphanol 5.0 mg/kg).
2. After depilating the posterior calf surface, make a skin incision, and dissect gastrocnemius muscles by separating from tibio-fibular bone using a surgical scissor and quickly freeze them in an optimal cutting temperature compound solution.
3. Using a cryostat, prepare cryo-section samples of gastrocnemius muscles on glass slides. Store the samples in a -80 °C freezer until analysis.
4. Take out the gastrocnemius cryo-section samples to be analyzed from the freezer and dehydrate them by air drying at room temperature.
5. Use a liquid blocker pen to draw an area that includes all the cryo-sections on the slide. The circle will prevent the solutions from flowing off the slide.
6. Avoid drying of the samples by placing the slides in a tray in which a moist environment is created with water-soaked paper cloth.
7. Apply 100 µL of blocking buffer (phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 0.25% casein, carrier protein, and 0.015 M sodium azide) for 30 min at room temperature.
8. Rinse the slides twice by incubating with PBS-T (PBS containing 0.1% polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (see Table of Materials) for 5 min.
9. Apply 100 µL of primary antibody diluted with PBS on each sample, cover the tray with a lid, and incubate overnight at room temperature.
10. Wash 3 times with PBS-T (5 min for each wash).
11. Apply 100 µL of secondary antibody diluted with PBS on each sample and incubate for 1 h at room temperature.
    NOTE: For anti-laminin staining, use Alexa Fluor 568-conjugated secondary antibody. For anti-F4/80, anti-MCP-1, and anti-TNF-α, use Alexa Fluor 568- or 488-conjugated secondary antibody.
12. Wash 3 times with PBS-T (5 min for each wash).
13. Apply 100 µL of DAPI solution diluted with PBS-T on each sample and incubate for 3 min at room temperature.
14. Wash 3 times with PBS-T (5 min for each).
15. Mount the samples with mounting medium and cover them with coverslips.

5. Histo-morphometric analysis of gastrocnemius

1. Place the sample slides on a fluorescence microscope (see Table of Materials) and view the samples using a 20× objective with appropriate filters (DAPI-B, 360/40 nm for excitation and 460/50 nm for emission; GFP-B, 470/40 nm for excitation and 535/50 nm for emission; FRITC, 540/25 nm for excitation and 605/55 nm for emission.
2. Using the software for image analysis (see Table of Materials), measure the cross-sectional area (CSA) of each myofiber, and count the number of F4/80-, MCP-1-, and TNF-α-positive cells.
   NOTE: Determine CSA of each myofiber by tracing the internal margin of the basement membrane visualized with anti-laminin-2 immunostaining.

Results

Consistent with our previous observations¹², the CSA of gastrocnemius myofibers were significantly decreased by hindlimb immobilization (Figure 2A,B). Furthermore, our immunofluorescence staining analysis revealed that cells expressing MCP-1 and TNF-α, both of which play key roles in regulating inflammatory processes^13,14, significantly increased in gastrocnemius muscle tissues of immobilized ...

Discussion

We have described a method for applying a massage-like mechanical stimulus, which has anti-inflammatory effects. Our system has following advantages even when compared with those reported previously. First, previous studies did not quantitatively define the mechanical forces applied² or defined their magnitudes based on the measurement at the body surface, but not inside the tissues¹⁰. In contrast, we measured intramuscular pressure using a blood pressure telemeter. Second,...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Aluminum wire	DAISO JAPAN	B028	An aluminum wire is used to avoid escaping restriction by the wire
Blood pressure telemeter	Millar	SPR-671	A blood pressure telemeter is used to mesure intramuscular pressure.
DAPI	Thermo Fisher Scientific	D1306	DAPI is a fluorescent probe which is commonly used to stain DNA for fluorescent microscopy.
Goat anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 488 (Dilution ratio, 1:500)	Invitrogen	A11034	Antibody for immunohistochemical staining.
Goat anti-rat Alexa Fluor 568 (Dilution ratio, 1:500))	Invitrogen	A11077	Antibody for immunohistochemical staining.
ImageJ	NIH	N/A	Analysis software for image
LabChart8	ADInstrumens		Analysis software for acquiring biological signals.
Prolong gold	Thermo Fisher Scientific	P36930	Prolong gold is for mounting stained samples.
Protein Block Serum-Free	Dako	X090930-2	For blocking non-specific background staining in immunohistochemical procedures.
Rat monoclonal anti-laminin-2 antibody (Dilution ratio, 1:1000)	Sigma Aldrich	L0663	Antibody for immunohistochemical staining.
Rat monoclonal anti-F4/80 antibody (Dilution ratio, 1:500)	Abcam	ab6640	Antibody for immunohistochemical staining.
Rabbit polyclonal anti-MCP-1 antibody (Dilution ratio, 1:1000)	Abcam	ab25124	Antibody for immunohistochemical staining.
Rabbit polyclonal anti-TNF-α antibody (Dilution ratio, 1:1000)	Abcam	ab66579	Antibody for immunohistochemical staining.
Surgical tape	3M Japan	1530EP-0	Surgical tape is used to restrict joint movement.