A Layered Mounting Method for Extended Time-Lapse Confocal Microscopy of Whole Zebrafish Embryos

Summary

This article describes a method to mount fragile zebrafish embryos for extended time-lapse confocal microscopy. This low-cost method is easy to perform using regular glass-bottom microscopy dishes for imaging on any inverted microscope. The mounting is performed in layers of agarose at different concentrations.

Abstract

Dynamics of development can be followed by confocal time-lapse microscopy of live transgenic zebrafish embryos expressing fluorescence in specific tissues or cells. A difficulty with imaging whole embryo development is that zebrafish embryos grow substantially in length. When mounted as regularly done in 0.3-1% low melt agarose, the agarose imposes growth restriction, leading to distortions in the soft embryo body. Yet, to perform confocal time-lapse microscopy, the embryo must be immobilized. This article describes a layered mounting method for zebrafish embryos that restrict the motility of the embryos while allowing for the unrestricted growth. The mounting is performed in layers of agarose at different concentrations. To demonstrate the usability of this method, whole embryo vascular, neuronal and muscle development was imaged in transgenic fish for 55 consecutive hours. This mounting method can be used for easy, low-cost imaging of whole zebrafish embryos using inverted microscopes without requirements of molds or special equipment.

Introduction

The zebrafish has long been a model organism for developmental biology, and microscopy is the major method to visualize embryonic development. The advantages of using zebrafish embryos for developmental studies include small size, optical clarity, rapid development, and high fecundity of the adult fish. The generation of transgenic zebrafish lines expressing fluorescence in certain tissues or cells have allowed for a direct visualization of tissue development in ways not possible with larger vertebrate animals. In combination with time-lapse microscopy, details and dynamics of the tissue development can be readily studied.

A difficulty with....

Protocol

The animal work presented here was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs) of the University of Houston and Indiana University.

1. Fish husbandry

NOTE: Work with vertebrate models requires an IACUC approved protocol. It should be conducted according to relevant national and international guidelines.

1. Maintain adult zebrafish as described in previously published literature⁹.
2. In the afternoon, place adult zebrafish in breeding tanks. Breed males to females at a ratio of 1:2.

2. Preparation of solutions

Results

Development of the mounting method
The main aim of this work was to develop a low-cost mounting technique for time-lapse imaging of zebrafish development for extended periods of time. The layered mounting method was developed to allow for full growth of the fragile zebrafish embryo body, while restricting its movements. If the agarose concentration of layer 1 is too high, the embryos will become distorted and curved (Figure 2). Embryos grown at 0.1% and 0.5% agarose have.......

Discussion

A mounting method for extended time-lapse confocal microscopy of whole zebrafish embryos is described here. The most critical step for the mounting method is to identify the optimal concentration of agarose that will allow for unrestricted zebrafish embryo growth, and at the same time keep the embryos in a completely fixed position for confocal imaging. Because the optimal concentration of agarose is very narrow, this value is very sensitive to the errors in measurement of the weight of agarose and the volume of E3 durin.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Low melting agarose	Sigma-Aldrich, MO	A9414	Store dissolved solution at 4 °C
35 mm glass bottom dishes with No. 0 coverslip and 10 mm diameter of glass bottom	MatTek Corporation, MA	P35GCOL-0-10-C
Tricaine (MS-222)	Sigma-Aldrich, MO	E10521	Store dissolved solution at 4 °C
N-phenylthiourea (PTU)	Sigma-Aldrich, MO	P7629	Store dissolved solution at -20 °C
Micro cover glass 22x22 mm	VWR	48366 067
Leica DMi8 fluorescence microscope	Leica	NA
LAS X software	Leica	NA	Microscope software
DMC4500 digital microscope camera	Leica	NA
Nikon A1S confocal microscope	Nikon Instruments Inc.	NA
Nikon NIS AR Version 4.40	Nikon Instruments Inc.	NA	Microscope software