Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using Poly(I:C) to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring

Summary

Maternal infection is a risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders. Mouse models of maternal immune activation (MIA) may elucidate infection's impact on brain development and function. Here, general guidelines and a procedure are provided to produce reliably resilient and susceptible offspring exposed to MIA.

Abstract

Maternal immune activation (MIA) during pregnancy is consistently linked to increased risk of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders in offspring. Animal models of MIA are used to test causality, investigate mechanisms, and develop diagnostics and treatments for these disorders. Despite their widespread use, many MIA models suffer from a lack of reproducibility and almost all ignore two important aspects of this risk factor: (i) many offspring are resilient to MIA, and (ii) susceptible offspring can exhibit distinct combinations of phenotypes. To increase reproducibility and model both susceptibility and resilience to MIA, the baseline immunoreactivity (BIR) of female mice before pregnancy is used to predict which pregnancies will result in either resilient offspring or offspring with defined behavioral and molecular abnormalities after exposure to MIA. Here, a detailed method of inducing MIA via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of the double stranded RNA (dsRNA) viral mimic poly(I:C) at 12.5 days of gestation is provided. This method induces an acute inflammatory response in the dam, which results in perturbations in brain development in mice that map onto similarly impacted domains in human psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs).

Introduction

Epidemiological evidence links maternal infection to increased risk of psychiatric and NDDs, including schizophrenia (SZ) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD)^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7}. The MIA mouse model was developed to test causality and the mechanistic role of MIA in the etiology of these disorders, as well as to identify molecular biomarkers and develop both diagnostic and therapeutic tools^4,6

Protocol

All protocols are performed under the approval of the University of California-Davis Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC).

1. Animal preparation

1. When acquiring animals, keep the following parameters consistent to ensure maximal reproducibility.
   1. Vendor and vendor location: as previously reported, wild type C57BL/6J mice exhibit different responses to the same dose of poly(I:C) depending on the vendor⁸. Choose a vendor and mouse strain which show a consistent response. For the experiments here, C57BL/6 mice obtained from Charles River exhibited consistent changes ....

Results

Not all animals exposed to 30 mg/kg of poly(I:C) at E12.5 produce offspring with consistent behavioral abnormalities^8,31. Though both 30 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg of poly(I:C) reliably produce sickness behaviors in dams, including decreased activity levels, hypothermic responses, and weight loss, and also cause significant elevations in IL-6, only a subset of litters exposed to MIA will go on to develop behavioral abnormalities in domains similar to those observed in hu.......

Discussion

Maternal infection alters the course of brain development in humans and in both rodents and nonhuman primates^4,5,7. Here, a procedure to induce MIA in mice at a mid-gestational time point using poly(I:C) is outlined. This method incorporates assessment of BIR before pregnancy, which increases reproducibility and offers the chance to mechanistically investigate mechanisms that lead to resilience and susceptibility of offspring to.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
0.9% NaCl physiological endotoxin free saline	Sigma-Aldrich	7647-14-5	Control and vehicle for Poly(I:C)
35mm petri dish	Thomas Scientific	1219Z45	Used to hold oil during tail bleed
7.5% TGX gels	Bio-rad	4561084	Optional
Ancare Nestlets	Fisher Scientific	NC9365966	Optional
anti-β-tubulin	Millipore	MAB3408	Optional
Bio-Plex Pro Mouse Cytokine Standards Group I	Bio-rad	171I50001
Bio-Plex Pro Reagent Kit with Flat Plate	Bio-rad	171304070M
Bovine Serum Albumin	ThermoFisher	23209	Optional
Centrifuge	Eppendorf	5810R	Optional
Covidien Monoject 1/2 mL Insulin Syringe with 28G x 1/2 in. Needle	Spectrum	552-58457-083
Dithiothreitol	Sigma-Aldrich	D9779-10G	Optional
Environmental enrichment	Bio-serv	K3327 and K3322	Optional
Ethovision	Noldus	Ethovision	Optional
Fluorsecent-tagged seondary ntibodies	Li-cor	925-32213 and 925-68072	Optional
Food-grade edible oil (like olive, canola or grapeseed)	Various vendors		Use to lubricate tail during tail bleeds
HBSS	ThermoFisher	14060040	Optional
High molecular weight polyinositic:polycytidilic acid	Invivogen	#tlrl-pic-5	Used to establish females' BIR
Humane Mouse Restrainer	AIMS	1000	Used to restrain mouse during tail bleeds
Image Studio Software	Licor	5.2	Optional
Laemmli buffer	Bio-rad	1610737EDU	Optional
Luminex200	ThermoFisher	APX10031
Microvette CB300 300μl Serum capillary tube	Sarstedt	16.440.100
Mixed molecular weight polyinositic:polycytidilic acid	Sigma-Aldrich	#P0913	Gestational induction of MIA
monoclonal anti-MEF2A	AbCam	ab76063	Optional
monoclonal anti-STAT3	Cell signaling	12640S	Optional
Observer	Noldus	Observer	Optional
Odyssey blocking buffer (TBS)	Li-cor	927-50003	Optional
Odyssey CLx imaging system	Li-cor	9140	Optional
Omnipure PBS	Millipore	65054L	Optional
Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit	ThermoFisher	23227	Optional
polyclonal anti_TH	Pel-Freez	P4101-150	Optional
PVDF membrane	Bio-rad	162-0177	Optional
Qsonica Sonicator Q500	Fisher Scientific	15-338-282	Optional
Quick blood stopper	Petco	17140
Seal-Rite 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube, natural non-sterile	USA Scientific	1615-5500
Soldering stand	Amazon	B08Y12QC73	Used to hold capillary tube during tail bleeds
Sunflower seeds	Bio-serv	S5137-1	Use to increase breeding efficiency
The Bio-Plex Pro Mouse IL-6 set,	Bio-rad	171G5007M
Tris base	Fisher Scientific	BP152-1	Optional
Tween 20	Bio-rad	23209	Optional