관찰 연구
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Overview
출처: 게리 레반도프스키,데이브 스트로메츠, 나탈리 시아로코-몬머스 대학교 의 연구소
누군가가 어떻게 생각하거나 느끼는지 알고 싶다면 그 사람에게 질문을 할 수 있습니다. 또 다른 방법은 사람이 어떻게 행동하는지 관찰하거나 과거에 어떻게 행동했는지에 대한 지표를 찾는 것입니다. 관찰이 드러나는 것처럼 보일 수 있지만, 그것이 진정으로 정확한지 아는 것이 항상 쉬운 것은 아닙니다. 예를 들어, 미소를 짓는 사람을 보고 그들이 행복하다고 생각할 수 있습니다.
과학의 목적은 개인의 기대, 이전 경험, 개인적인 편견, 동기, 감정 등에의해 본질적으로 왜곡되기 때문에 자기에 대한 개인의 견해를 넘어서는 것입니다. 사람이 자신의 자아에 대한 독특한 통찰력을 가질 수 있지만, 이러한 통찰력은 정확하게 현실을 대표하지 않을 수 있습니다. 더 간단히 말해서, 사람이 말하는 것은 항상 실제로 하는 일과 잘 일치하지는 않습니다. 이러한 이유로, 연구원은 사람이 진정으로 어떻게 느끼는지 보다 정확하게 포착하기 위해 참가자들에게 자신의 기분을 보고하도록 요청하는 등 다양한조치(예:참가자들에게 자신의 기분을 보고하도록 요청하지만 실제 행동을 관찰하도록 요청)을 통합해야 합니다.
이 비디오는 연구원이 학생들의 향수병을 두 가지 방법으로 측정하는 상관 관계 디자인을 보여줍니다: (1) 향수 병 규모, (2) 학생이 자신의 기숙사 방을 장식한 방법을 관찰하여.
심리학 연구는 종종 다른 과학연구보다 더 높은 표본 크기를 사용합니다. 많은 수의 참가자가 연구 중인 인구가 더 잘 표현되도록 하는 데 도움이 됩니다. 이 비디오에서는 한 명의 참가자만 사용하여 이 실험을 시연합니다. 그러나, 결과에 표현된 바와 같이, 우리는 실험의 결론에 도달하기 위하여 총 63명의 참가자를 이용했습니다.
Procedure
Results
After collecting data from 63 people, a correlation was performed between the participants’ score on the homesickness scale and the observer’s score of their room to determine if a visual inspection of a student’s room can indicate their degree of homesickness (Figure 2). The results indicate that participants who scored higher on the homesickness scale had more indicators of homesickness in their dorm room.
The results of this study are similar to another study by Gosling and colleagues, which showed that individuals’ offices and living spaces were good indicators of their personality.2
Figure 2. Correlation between Homesickness Scale and dorm room observation scores.
Applications and Summary
This correlational study shows that a person’s behavior, even something as simple as how they decorate their room, can indicate how they feel (i.e., how homesick they are).
Using observations of another person to infer that person’s feelings or thoughts can be difficult. However, research has found evidence that we can be accurate in our observational inferences. A study in Psychological Science found that observers could accurately infer personality characteristics from a person’s Facebook profile.3
References
- Archer, J., Ireland, J., Amos, S., Broad, H., & Currid, L. Derivation of homesickness scale. British Journal of Psychology. 89 (2), 205-221. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1998.tb02681.x (1998).
- Gosling, S. D., Ko, S., Mannarelli, T., & Morris, M. E. A room with a cue: Personality judgments based on offices and bedrooms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 82 (3), 379-398. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.3.379 (2002).
- Back, M. D., Stopfer, J. M., Vazire, S., Gaddis, S., Schmukle, S. C., Egloff, B., & Gosling, S. D. Facebook profiles reflect actual personality, not self-idealization. Psychological Science. 21 (3), 372-374. doi:10.1177/0956797609360756 (2010).
Transcript
Observational research incorporates a variety of measurement methods to accurately capture authentic information.
For example, psychologists use questionnaires to inquire how someone thinks or feels, and individual observations to examine current or past behavior.
This video demonstrates how to design and perform an observational study, as well as how to analyze the data and interpret the results measuring students’ homesickness.
In this experiment, the notion of homesickness is investigated—defined here as the distress and functional impairment caused by an actual or anticipated separation from home and people and things you’re familiar with.
To measure homesickness level, two distinct methods are used to correlate participants’ perceptions of how they feel with actual observations.
In the first method, participants are given a questionnaire called the Homesickness Scale and asked to rate how true statements are to them on a scale of 1 to 4.
For the second method, participants’ apartments are observed by two individuals who are trained to look for evidence of homesickness, such as pictures of parents, family, friends from home; logos from their high school; and a low presence of university paraphernalia.
The hypothesis then is that participants who score highly on the homesickness questionnaire will have living spaces that also reflect how they feel.
To begin the experiment, guide each participant through the informed consent process, which consists of a brief description of the research and a sense of the procedure.
After handing the participant a packet that includes the Homesickness Scale and several other questionnaires, allow them time to complete all of the forms. Note that additional questionnaires are included to mask the true purpose of the study.
Once the participant has completed the questionnaires, instruct them to leave with two observers to visit their apartment. The same two observers visit all participants’ living spaces to ensure that scoring is unbiased and consistent.
When arriving at the apartment, confirm that you have permission to look around and then ask the participant to open drawers and closets. If any pictures are present, clarify who appears in them. Remember that both observers take notes of what they see during the visit.
At the end of the inspection, debrief the participant as to the true nature of the study and explain why deception was necessary. In the event that participants are experiencing any homesickness, refer them to the counseling center.
Immediately after the inspection, discuss and review observation notes and then score the participant’s level of homesickness on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers corresponding to more evidence of homesickness.
To analyze the data, plot each participant’s score on the homesickness scale against the observer’s score of their apartment. Perform a correlational analysis to determine if a relationship exists between the two measures.
Notice that participants who scored higher on the homesickness scale had more indicators of homesickness in their room. Thus, the two measures are positively correlated.
Now that you are familiar with how experimental psychologists integrate observational measurements, let’s look at other ways observation can be applied.
Recently, researchers have found that observers looking at online profiles could accurately infer the personality characteristics of the person who made the profile.
In another study, researchers used a combination of clinical surveys and handwriting samples to investigate the link between fine motor control disorders and psychosis during adolescence.
In this case, individuals rated as high risk for psychosis had pen movements that were less smooth than controls, suggesting that handwriting could be used as a diagnostic tool.
You’ve just watched JoVE’s introduction to observational research. Now you should have a good understanding of how to setup and perform an experiment, as well as analyze and assess the results.
Thanks for watching!