Fonte: Robert E. Sallis, MD. Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, Califórnia, EUA
O exame do ombro pode ser complexo, pois na verdade consiste em quatro articulações separadas: são a articulação glenohumeral (GH), a articulação acromioclavicular (AC), a articulação esternoclavicular e a articulação scapulothoracic. A articulação GH é a principal responsável pelo movimento do ombro e é a articulação mais móvel do corpo. Foi comparado a uma bola de golfe sentada em um tee e é propensa a instabilidade. É mantido no lugar pelos quatro músculos do manguito rotador (supraespinhal, infraspinato, teres menor e subscapularis), juntamente com os ligamentos GH.
O exame de ombro começa com a inspeção e palpação dos principais marcos anatômicos, seguido de uma avaliação da amplitude de movimento do paciente. O ombro oposto deve ser usado como padrão para avaliar o ombro lesionado, desde que não tenha sido previamente ferido.
Examination of the shoulder is done best by following a stepwise approach. It is important to have the patient remove enough clothing so the surface anatomy can be seen and compared to the uninvolved side. The exam should begin with inspection, looking for asymmetry between the involved and uninvolved shoulders. Next comes the palpation of the key structures, looking for tenderness, swelling, or deformity. This is followed with an assessment of the ROM, first actively and then passively, if the patient is unable to move the arm unassisted. A loss of active motion alone suggests a RC tear or nerve injury. A loss of both active and passive motion suggests a mechanical block (such as labrum tear, adhesive capsulitis, or severe impingement). From there, the exam should include assessments of the rotator cuff, glenoid labrum, and shoulder stability.
Shoulder pain is a common complaint in medical practice, and the physical exam can be very informative for identifying the source of this pain. It often results from an injury frequently seen in athletes caused by repeated overhead motion, such as during swimming.
In order to interpret the findings during the shoulder exam, a practitioner should have a good understanding of the complex anatomy and biomechanics of this region.
The shoulder is composed of three bones: the clavicle, the scapula, and the humerus. The shoulder movement is a result of combined action of four separate joints: the glenohumeral joint, the acromioclavicular joint, the sternoclavicular joint, and the scapulothoracic joint.
The glenohumeral joint is a ball-and-socket joint, and is primarily responsible for the shoulder motions. It is the most mobile joint in the body, which also makes it prone to instability and injury.
This joint is stabilized by the four rotator cuff muscles: subscapularis – present on the underside of the scapula, supraspinatus – located above the spine of the scapula, infraspinatus – covering majority of the posterior surface of the shoulder blade, and teres minor – located just below the infraspinatus. Injury to these muscles, especially to their tendons, is the most common source of shoulder pain seen by physicians. The most frequent injuries include: tendonitis, tear, and impingement.
Sometimes, shoulder pain could be radiating from the cervical spine , and therefore a neck exam – covered in a separate video of this collection – is usually performed with the shoulder exam to exclude the pain due to an injury in the cervical region.
An all-inclusive shoulder exam consists of inspection , palpation , assessment of range of motion , strength testing , and a few special tests . This video will focus on first three parts of this examination, and the rest will be covered in another video titled “Shoulder Exam Part 2”.
Systematic examination of the shoulder starts with inspection and palpation. Prior to the exam, wash your hands and ask the patient to remove their clothing such as both their shoulders are exposed
Look at the anterior and the posterior aspects of the shoulders, and check for the presence of swelling, ecchymoses, and scares. Note any asymmetry due to muscle atrophy or hypertrophy. An atrophy of the supraspinatus or infraspinatus muscles may be caused due to inactivity or nerve damage in patients with rotator cuff tear.
Next part of the exam is palpation. Start at the sternoclavicular joint, which is located medially, at the front of the neck. Tenderness in the area indicates traumatic dislocation or osteoarthritis.
Next, assess the acromioclavicular joint. First palpate the entire length of the clavicle until you can feel the acromioclavicular joint near its distal end. Tenderness can be seen with acromioclavicular separation, osteoarthritis, or osteolysis of the distal end of the clavicle.
Move onto palpating the bicipital groove. With the elbow bent to 90°, rotate the patient’s shoulder internally and externally, while palpating just below the acromioclavicular joint along the anterior surface of the humeral head. Feel the long head of the biceps tendon moving under your fingers. It could be tender on palpation in case of tendonitis or a tear.
Next, palpate the head of the humerus, the anterior glenohumeral joint line, and the tendon of the pectoralis major muscle. These are located medially from the bicipital groove. Tenderness at the glenohumeral joint line may suggest a tear of the glenoid labrum or osteoarthritis of the joint, whereas pain at the pectoralis major tendon may indicate tendonitis or tearing.
Now assess the subacromial space. To do this, move your fingers laterally from the pectoralis tendon to the anterior tip of the acromion, then drop your fingers just below it and feel the subacromial space. Palpate this area in the front, on the side, and in the back, and note any tenderness, which can be seen with rotator cuff tendonitis, impingement, or rotator cuff tear.
Examine the posterior aspect of the glenohumeral joint, which is located underneath of the infraspinatus and teres minor muscles. Drop your fingers down from the posterior tip of the acromion process so that you can feel the posterior humeral head. Then palpate medially and feel the humeral head curve away in a posterior direction, leading to the posterior glenohumeral joint line. Tenderness here may be from a posterior labrum tear or GH joint arthritis.
Finally palpate the spine of the scapula and the supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor rotator cuff muscles. Examine the spine of the scapula by moving your fingertips in the medial and inferior direction. Then palpate the supraspinatus muscle above, and the infraspinatus and teres minor muscles below the spine of scapula. These can be the sources of pain in cases of overuse and contusion.
Next part of the examination is assessing the range of motion actively and, if needed, passively.
Remember, active range of motion is tested by asking the patient to move the shoulder in a particular manner. If the patient is unable to perform the motion, such as in this example, it can indicate rotator cuff tear or nerve injury.
If this is the case, the examiner should attempt passive motion by grasping the patient’s arm and moving the shoulder through the same movements. A loss of both active and passive motion suggests a mechanical block, such as a labrum tear, adhesive capsulitis, or severe impingement.
To start, ask the patient to stand with both their arms hanging at the side. This is the “neutral position” relative to which the range of motion will be measured. First check for forward flexion by requesting the patient to raise both arms in front of them and overhead, as far as they can. The normal range of this motion is 180°.
Next, test the extension range. Ask the patient to extend both arms behind them, as far as they can. Observe for the range of motion, which should normally be 45°.
Then assess for abduction by instructing the patient to raise both arms to their side and overhead, as far as they can. The normal range of motion during this movement is about 150-180°.
After testing abduction, instruct the patient to have their arms hanging at the side and bend both their elbows to 90° with their forearms pointed forward. This is the “neutral position” to test external rotation, during which the patient rotates their forearms away from the midline of the body, as far as possible. The normal range of this motion is anywhere between 45° to 90°.
For internal rotation ask the patient to do the opposite and rotate both hands toward the midline, as far as they can . Normally, this yields a 90° range.
Continue by testing the horizontal, or cross-body, adduction. Actively or passively, have the patient move their hand across their body as far as they can. Normally, they should be able to move pass the opposite shoulder. Repeat on the other side and compare.
Lastly, conduct the “Drop Arm test” by lifting the patient’s arm by 90° to the side and letting it go, while asking the patient to hold the arm in this position. The test is considered positive when the patient is unable to lift or hold the arm in this abducted position. This might occur with a large rotator cuff tear or nerve injury.
You’ve just watched JoVE’s video on inspection, palpation and range of motion testing during a shoulder examination. In the next part, we will discuss the rest of this exam. Thanks for watching!
