Xenopus अंडा निकालने के लिए डीएनए की क्षति जांच की चौकी की जांच के लिए एक उपयोगी मॉडल प्रणाली है. इस प्रोटोकॉल Xenopus अंडा अर्क और डीएनए की क्षति जांच की चौकी उत्प्रेरण अभिकर्मकों की तैयारी के लिए है. इन तकनीकों में डीएनए की क्षति जांच की चौकी संकेतन के अध्ययन में डीएनए हानिकारक दृष्टिकोण की एक किस्म के लिए अनुकूलनीय हैं.
On a daily basis, cells are subjected to a variety of endogenous and environmental insults. To combat these insults, cells have evolved DNA damage checkpoint signaling as a surveillance mechanism to sense DNA damage and direct cellular responses to DNA damage. There are several groups of proteins called sensors, transducers and effectors involved in DNA damage checkpoint signaling (Figure 1). In this complex signaling pathway, ATR (ATM and Rad3-related) is one of the major kinases that can respond to DNA damage and replication stress. Activated ATR can phosphorylate its downstream substrates such as Chk1 (Checkpoint kinase 1). Consequently, phosphorylated and activated Chk1 leads to many downstream effects in the DNA damage checkpoint including cell cycle arrest, transcription activation, DNA damage repair, and apoptosis or senescence (Figure 1). When DNA is damaged, failing to activate the DNA damage checkpoint results in unrepaired damage and, subsequently, genomic instability. The study of the DNA damage checkpoint will elucidate how cells maintain genomic integrity and provide a better understanding of how human diseases, such as cancer, develop.
Xenopus laevis egg extracts are emerging as a powerful cell-free extract model system in DNA damage checkpoint research. Low-speed extract (LSE) was initially described by the Masui group1. The addition of demembranated sperm chromatin to LSE results in nuclei formation where DNA is replicated in a semiconservative fashion once per cell cycle.
The ATR/Chk1-mediated checkpoint signaling pathway is triggered by DNA damage or replication stress 2. Two methods are currently used to induce the DNA damage checkpoint: DNA damaging approaches and DNA damage-mimicking structures 3. DNA damage can be induced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, γ-irradiation, methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), mitomycin C (MMC), 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO), or aphidicolin3, 4. MMS is an alkylating agent that inhibits DNA replication and activates the ATR/Chk1-mediated DNA damage checkpoint 4-7. UV irradiation also triggers the ATR/Chk1-dependent DNA damage checkpoint 8. The DNA damage-mimicking structure AT70 is an annealed complex of two oligonucleotides poly-(dA)70 and poly-(dT)70. The AT70 system was developed in Bill Dunphy’s laboratory and is widely used to induce ATR/Chk1 checkpoint signaling 9-12.
Here, we describe protocols (1) to prepare cell-free egg extracts (LSE), (2) to treat Xenopus sperm chromatin with two different DNA damaging approaches (MMS and UV), (3) to prepare the DNA damage-mimicking structure AT70, and (4) to trigger the ATR/Chk1-mediated DNA damage checkpoint in LSE with damaged sperm chromatin or a DNA damage-mimicking structure.
डीएनए की क्षति Xenopus अंडा अर्क का उपयोग कर जांच की चौकी के अध्ययन में कई फायदे हैं. अंडे के अर्क का उपयोग सेल से मुक्त कोशिका चक्र के अंतरावस्था पर सिंक्रनाइज़ निष्कर्षों की एक बड़ी मात्रा प्रदान करता ?…
The authors have nothing to disclose.
इस काम के हिस्से में Charlotte में उत्तरी कैरोलिना विश्वविद्यालय, वाचोविया संकाय उत्कृष्टता के लिए नींव निधि, और NIGMS (R15GM101571) से एक अनुदान द्वारा उपलब्ध कराई गई निधियों द्वारा समर्थित है.
Reagents | |||
Anti-Chk1 P-S344 antibody | Cell Signaling | 2348L | |
Anti-Chk1 antibody | Santa Cruz | SC7898 | |
Aprotinin | MP Biomedicals | 0219115880 | |
Cycloheximide | Sigma | C7698-5G | |
Cytochalasin B | EMD | 250233 | |
Dithiothreitol (DTT) | VWR | JTF780-2 | |
hCG | Sigma | CG10-10VL | |
L-Cysteine | Sigma | C7352-1KG | |
Leupeptin | VWR | 97063-922 | |
Methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) | Sigma | 129925-5G | |
Nocodazole | Sigma | M1404-2MG | |
PMSG | Calbiochem | 367222 | |
Sample buffer | Sigma | S3401 | |
Tautomycin | Wako Chemicals USA | 209-12041 | |
Equipment | |||
Bucket for egg laying | Rubbermaid commercial products | 6308 | |
CL2 IEC centrifuge with swinging bucket rotor | Thermo Scientific | 004260F | |
HB6 swinging bucket rotor | Thermo Scientific | 11860 | |
Sorvall RC6 plus superspeed centrifuge | Thermo Scientific | 46910 | |
UV crosslinker | UVP | 95-0174-01 | |
Solutions | |||
1x MMR | 100 mM NaCl, 2 mM KCl, 0.5 mM MgSO4, 2.5 mM CaCl2, 5 mM HEPES, adjust pH to 7.8 with 10 M NaOH | ||
Aprotinin/Leupeptin stock | 10 mg/ml each in water. Store 20 μl aliquots at -80 °C. | ||
Buffer X | 0.2 M sucrose, 80 mM KCl, 15 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl2, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM HEPES, adjust pH to 7.5 by HCl | ||
Cycloheximide stock | 10 mg/ml in water. Store 1 ml aliquots at -20 °C. | ||
Cytochalasin B stock | 5 mg/ml in DMSO. Store 20 μl aliquots at -20 °C. | ||
Dithiothreitol (DTT) stock | 1 M in water. Store 1 ml aliquots at -20 °C. | ||
ELB | 0.25 M sucrose, 1 mM DTT, 50 μg/ml cycloheximide, 2.5 mM MgCl2, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM HEPES, pH7.7 | ||
Nocodazole stock | 10 mg/ml in DMSO. Store 5 μl aliquots at -80 °C. | ||
Energy Mixture | 375 mM creatine phosphate, 50 mM ATP, and 25 mM MgCl2. Aliquots are saved at -80 °C. | ||
Nuclear dye solution | 0.4 μg/ml Hoechst 33258, 25% glycerol (v/v), in 1x PBS | ||
Tautomycin stock | 100 μM in DMSO. Store 10 μl aliquots at -80 °C. |