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Abstract
Introduction
Protocol
Results
Discussion
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Medicine

기존의 폐쇄 가슴 기술에 의해 쥐의 심실 세동의 모델 및 소생

Published: April 26, 2015
doi:
10.3791/52413
, ,
1Resuscitation Institute,Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science

Summary

This article describes a rat model of electrically-induced ventricular fibrillation and resuscitation by chest compression, ventilation, and delivery of electrical shocks that simulates an episode of sudden cardiac arrest and conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The model enables gathering insights on the pathophysiology of cardiac arrest and exploration of new resuscitation strategies.

Abstract

A rat model of electrically-induced ventricular fibrillation followed by cardiac resuscitation using a closed chest technique that incorporates the basic components of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in humans is herein described. The model was developed in 1988 and has been used in approximately 70 peer-reviewed publications examining a myriad of resuscitation aspects including its physiology and pathophysiology, determinants of resuscitability, pharmacologic interventions, and even the effects of cell therapies. The model featured in this presentation includes: (1) vascular catheterization to measure aortic and right atrial pressures, to measure cardiac output by thermodilution, and to electrically induce ventricular fibrillation; and (2) tracheal intubation for positive pressure ventilation with oxygen enriched gas and assessment of the end-tidal CO2. A typical sequence of intervention entails: (1) electrical induction of ventricular fibrillation, (2) chest compression using a mechanical piston device concomitantly with positive pressure ventilation delivering oxygen-enriched gas, (3) electrical shocks to terminate ventricular fibrillation and reestablish cardiac activity, (4) assessment of post-resuscitation hemodynamic and metabolic function, and (5) assessment of survival and recovery of organ function. A robust inventory of measurements is available that includes – but is not limited to – hemodynamic, metabolic, and tissue measurements. The model has been highly effective in developing new resuscitation concepts and examining novel therapeutic interventions before their testing in larger and translationally more relevant animal models of cardiac arrest and resuscitation.

Introduction

미국 (1)에서 36 만에 가까운 개인보다 전 세계적으로 2 많은 사람들이 갑자기 심장 마비의 에피소드 매년 겪고 있습니다. 해당 심장 활동을 다시 설정해야하지만, 중요한 장기에 그 손상 방지를 최소화하거나 취소 할 수 없습니다 필요 삶을 복원하려고 시도합니다. 현재 심폐 소생 기술은 약 30 %의 초기의 호흡 속도를 수득; 그러나 퇴원 생존율은 5 % 1입니다. 심근 기능 장애, 신경 장애, 전신 염증, 병발 질환, 또는 순환의 초기 수익률에도 불구하고 사망 환자의 큰 비율에 대한 사후 소생 계정을 발생 이들의 조합. 따라서, 기본적인 병태 생리 및 신규 한 접근법의 소생 큰 이해 절실히 초기 소생 및 장기의 기능은 그대로 후속 생존율을 증가시킬 필요가있다.

동물 모드심장 마비의 LS는 심장 정지와 소생의 병태 생리에 대한 통찰력을 제공하고 개념화하고 인간 3에서 테스트하기 전에 새로운 개입을 테스트하기 위해 실용적인 수단을 제공함으로써 새로운 인공 호흡 치료법의 개발에 중요한 역할을한다. 닫힌 가슴 심폐 소생술의 쥐 모델 (CPR)는 여기에 설명 중요한 역할을하고있다. 늦은 교수 맥스 해리 웨일 MD, 박사의 실험실에서 4와 그녀의 협력자 – 당시 연구원 – 모델은 아이린 폰 란타에 의해 1988 년에 개발되었다 보건 과학 대학 (2004 년 의학 및 과학의 로잘린 프랭클린 대학 이름을 변경) 및 광범위 주로 교수 웨일과 연수생의 동료에 의해 소생의 분야에서 이용되고있다.

이 모델은 기존의 CPR 기술에 의해 시도 소생술과 갑작스러운 심장 마비의 에피소드를 시뮬레이션하고, 따라서 입회를 포함부수적으로 산소가 풍부한 가스를 양압 환기를 제공하면서 공압 구동 피스톤 장치에 의해 우심실 내막 닫힌 가슴 CPR의 규정에 전류를 제공함으로써 심실 세동 (VF)의 이온. VF의 종료는 전기 충격의 흉부 전달하여 수행됩니다. 래트 모델은 작은 동물에서 개발 큰 동물 (예를 들면, 돼지) 및 모델 개발 모델 간의 균형을 (예를 들어, 마우스) 강력한에 액세스 할 수있는, 잘 표준화 재현하고 효율적인 방식으로 새로운 연구 개념의 탐사를 허용 관련 측정의 재고. 이 모델은하지만 더 큰 번역 미치는 영향, 더 비용이 많이 드는 큰 동물 모델에서 연구를 수행하기 전에 혼란 변수의 영향을 새로운 개념을 탐구하고 조사하는 연구의 초기 단계에 특히 유용하다.

모든 피어 리뷰 기사로보고이 지났지 검색가 처음 1988 4 년에 출판 된 이후 심장 마비의 메커니즘과 폐쇄 가슴 소생의 형태로 VF를 가진 imilar 쥐 모델은 모델을 사용하여 69 추가 원래 연구를 한 것으로 밝혀졌습니다. 연구 분야는 인공 호흡 5-17의 병태 생리 학적 측면을 포함, 결과 18-30 영향을 미치는 요인, 혈압 상승 제 31-43, 완충제를 검사 약리 개입의 역할 (44), 수축 촉진제 (45), 심근이나 뇌 보호 46-70을 목표로 에이전트, 또한 중간 엽 줄기 세포를 71 ~ 73의 효과.

이 문서에서 설명하는 모델과 프로토콜은 현재 소생술 연구소에서 사용되고있다. 그러나, 개별 연구자와 연구 목적에 사용 가능한 기능에 기초하여 상기 모델을 "사용자 정의"를 경험할 수있는 기회가있다.

Protocol

참고 :이 프로토콜은 의학 및 과학의 로잘린 프랭클린 대학에서 기관 동물 케어 및 사용위원회에 의해 승인되었다. 모든 절차는 국가 연구위원회에 의해 출판 된 실험 동물의 관리에 대한 가이드에 따라 및 사용에 있었다. 1. 실험 설정 및 마취 다양한 신호의 교정을 수행하여 데이터 수집 시스템 (압력, 온도, 피스톤 변위 등 심전도 [ECG], 호 기말 ?…

Representative Results

여기에 설명 된 래트 모델은 최근에 흉부 압박 및 사후 61시 심근 소생 혈역학 함수에 sarcolemmal 나트륨 수소 교환기 이성체 1 (NHE-1)의 두 억제제의 효과를 비교하기 위해 사용되었다. 그것은 이전에 NHE-1 억제제는 나트륨에 의한 세포질과 미토콘드리아 칼슘 과부하를 제한하여 심근 재관류 손상을 감쇠하고, 이에 흉부 압박시 좌심실 팽창성을 보존하는 데 도움이 및 사후 소생 심근 기능 장?…

Discussion

프로토콜의 중요한 단계

프로토콜의 중요한 단계가 있습니다. 마스터하면, 준비 및 프로토콜은 간결하게 설명 진행합니다. 수술 준비는 단일 또는 소수의 시도 (들) 후 성공적으로 기관 삽관 다음,없이 또는 최소한의 혈관 경련을 유발 의도 한대로 카테터 팁을 위치 작은 절개를 통해 신속하게 카테터를 진행, 신속한입니다; 따라서, 기준값 내 측정 기준 (표 1)과<…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Wanchun Tang MD, MCCM, FCCP, FAHA and Jena Cahoon of the Weil Institute of Critical Care Medicine in Rancho Mirage, CA. for their contributions to the resuscitation protocol outline and for having helped train the rodent surgeon (LL). The preparation of this article was in part supported by a gift in memory of US Navy Retired SKC Robert W. Ply by Ms. Monica Ply for research in heart disease and Parkinson’s disease and by a discretionary fund from the Department of Medicine at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science.

Materials

Name of Material/ Equipment Company Catalog Number Comments/Description
Sodium pentobarbital Sigma Aldrich P3761 http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/p3761?lang=en&region=US
Rectal thermistor BIOPAC Systems, INC TSD202A http://www.biopac.com/fast-response-thermistor
Needle electrode biopolar concentric 25 mm TP BIOPAC Systems, INC EL451 http://www.biopac.com/needle-electrode-concentric-25mm
PE25 polyethylene tubing  Solomon Scientific BPE-T25 http://www.solsci.com/products/polyethylene-pe-tubing
26GA female luer stub adapter Access Technologies LSA-26 http://www.norfolkaccess.com/needles.html
Stopcocks with luer connections; 3-way; male lock, non-sterile Cole-Parmer UX-30600-02 http://www.coleparmer.com/Product/Large_bore_3_way
_male_lock_stopcocks
_10_pack_Non_sterile/EW-30600-23
TruWave disposable pressure transducer Edwards Lifesciences PX600I  http://www.edwards.com/products/pressuremonitoring/Pages/truwavemodels.aspx?truwave=1
Type-T thermocouple Physitemp Instruments IT-18 http://www.physitemp.com/products/probesandwire/flexprobes.html
Central venous pediatric catheter  Cook Medical  C-PUM-301J https://www.cookmedical.com/product/-/catalog/display?ds=cc_pum1lp_webds
Abbocath-T subclavian I.V. catheter (14g x 5 1/2") Hospira 453527 http://www.hospira.com/products_and_services/iv_sets/045350427
Novametrix Medical Systems, Infrared CO2 monitor Soma Technology, Inc. 7100 CO2SMO  http://www.somatechnology.com/MedicalProducts/novametrix_respironics_co2smo_
7100.asp
Harvard Model 683 small animal ventilator Harvard Apparatus 555282 http://www.harvardapparatus.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/haisku2_10001_11051_44453_-1_
HAI_ProductDetail_N_37322_37323
Double-flexible tipped wire guides Cook Medical  C-DOC-15-40-0-2 https://www.cookmedical.com/product/-/catalog/display?ds=cc_doc_webds
High accuracy AC LVDT displacement sensor Omega Engineering LD320-25 http://www.omega.com/pptst/LD320.html
HeartStart XL defibrillator/monitor Phillips Medical Systems M4735A http://www.healthcare.philips.com/main/products/resuscitation/products/xl/
Graefe micro dissection forceps 4 inches Roboz  RS-5135 http://shopping.roboz.com/Surgical-Instrument-Online-Shopping?search=RS-5135
Graefe micro dissection forceps 4 inches with teeth Roboz  RS-5157 http://shopping.roboz.com/Surgical-Instrument-Online-Shopping?search=RS-5157
Extra fine micro dissection scissors 4 inches Roboz  RS-5882 http://shopping.roboz.com/micro-scissors-micro-forceps-groups/micro-dissecting-scissors/Micro-Dissecting-Scissors-4-Straight-Sharp-Sharp
Heiss tissue retractor Fine Science Tools  17011-10 http://www.finescience.com/Special-Pages/Products.aspx?ProductId=321&CategoryId=134&
lang=en-US
Crile curve tip hemostats Fine Science Tools  13005-14 http://www.finescience.com/Special-Pages/Products.aspx?ProductId=372
Visistat skin stapler  Teleflex Incorporated 528135 http://www.teleflexsurgicalcatalog.com/weck/products/9936
Braided silk suture, 3-0 Harvard Apparatus 517706 http://www.harvardapparatus.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/haisku2_10001_11051_43051_-1_
HAI_ProductDetail_N_37916_37936
Betadine solution Butler Schein 3660 https://www.henryscheinvet.com/
Sterile saline, 250 ml bags Fisher 50-700-069 http://www.fishersci.com/ecomm/servlet/itemdetail?catnum=50700069&storeId=10652
Heparin sodium injection, USP Fresenius Kabi 504201 http://fkusa-products-catalog.com/files/assets/basic-html/page25.html
Loxicom (meloxicam) Butler Schein 045-321 https://www.henryscheinvet.com/
Thermodilution cardiac output computer for small animals N/A N/A Custom-developed at the Resuscitation Institute using National Instruments hardware and LabVIEW software
Analog-to-digital data acquisition and analysis system N/A N/A Custom-developed at the Resuscitation Institute using National Instruments hardware and LabVIEW software
Pneumatically-driven and electronically controlled piston device for chest compression in small animals N/A N/A Custom-developed at the Weil Institute of Critical Care Medicine
60 Hz alternating current generator N/A N/A Custom-developed at the Weil Institute of Critical Care Medicine
DOWNLOAD MATERIALS LIST

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Keywords: Rat ModelVentricular FibrillationCardiac ResuscitationClosed-chest TechniqueCardiopulmonary ResuscitationVascular CatheterizationTracheal IntubationPositive Pressure VentilationElectrical ShocksHemodynamic MeasurementsMetabolic MeasurementsResuscitation ConceptsTherapeutic InterventionsCardiac Arrest
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Lamoureux, L., Radhakrishnan, J., Gazmuri, R. J. A Rat Model of Ventricular Fibrillation and Resuscitation by Conventional Closed-chest Technique. J. Vis. Exp. (98), e52413, doi:10.3791/52413 (2015).
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