Technique to Target Microinjection to the Developing Xenopus Kidney

Summary

Here, we present a protocol to use fate maps and lineage tracers to target injections into individual blastomeres that give rise to the kidney of Xenopus laevis embryos.

Abstract

The embryonic kidney of Xenopus laevis (frog), the pronephros, consists of a single nephron, and can be used as a model for kidney disease. Xenopus embryos are large, develop externally, and can be easily manipulated by microinjection or surgical procedures. In addition, fate maps have been established for early Xenopus embryos. Targeted microinjection into the individual blastomere that will eventually give rise to an organ or tissue of interest can be used to selectively overexpress or knock down gene expression within this restricted region, decreasing secondary effects in the rest of the developing embryo. In this protocol, we describe how to utilize established Xenopus fate maps to target the developing Xenopus kidney (the pronephros), through microinjection into specific blastomere of 4- and 8-cell embryos. Injection of lineage tracers allows verification of the specific targeting of the injection. After embryos have developed to stage 38 - 40, whole-mount immunostaining is used to visualize pronephric development, and the contribution by targeted cells to the pronephros can be assessed. The same technique can be adapted to target other tissue types in addition to the pronephros.

Introduction

The Xenopus embryonic kidney, the pronephros, is a good model for studying kidney development and disease. The embryos develop externally, are large in size, can be produced in large numbers, and are easily manipulated through microinjection or surgical procedures. In addition, the genes governing kidney development in mammals and amphibians are conserved. Mammalian kidneys progress through three stages: the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros¹, while embryonic amphibians have a pronephros and adult amphibians have a metanephros. The basic filtering unit of these kidney forms is the nephron, and both mammals and amphibians require the same sig....

Protocol

The following protocol has been approved by the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston's Center for Laboratory Animal Medicine Animal Welfare Committee, which serves as the Institutional Care and Use Committee (protocol #: HSC-AWC-13-135).

1. Identification and Selection of Blastomeres for Kidney-targeted Injections 

1. Prior to generating embryos, use the Normal Table of Xenopus Development²¹ to understand the orientation of the early cell divisions in the embryo. Alternatively, access diagrams of the early developmental stages of Xenopus on Xenbase¹¹.
2. Access the interactive ....

Results

Microinjections of 4- and 8-cell Xenopus embryos with MEM-RFP mRNA show different levels of targeting to the pronephros. Figure 4 shows stage 40 embryos with correct MEM-RFP mRNA expression patterns. Embryos were injected in the left ventral blastomere (Figure 4A), and sorted for the proper expression pattern of MEM-RFP mRNA. In addition to expressing MEM-RFP in the proximal, intermediate, distal and connecting tubules of the kidney, properly inj.......

Discussion

Targeting the pronephros of developing Xenopus embryos relies on identifying and injecting the correct blastomere. Injection of the V2 blastomere of 8-cell embryos targets the left pronephros¹⁸. This leaves the contralateral right pronephros as an internal control. If morpholino knockdown or RNA overexpression is used to alter kidney development, the contralateral right pronephros can be used to compare the effects of gene knockdown or overexpression on the left pronephros. In this case, proper contro.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Sodium chloride	Fisher	S271-3
Potassium chloride	Fisher	P217-500
Magnesium sulfate	Fisher	M63-500
Calcium chloride	Fisher	C79-500
HEPES	Fisher	BP310-500
EDTA	Fisher	S311-500
Gentamycin solution, 50 mg/ml	Amresco	E737-20ML
L-Cysteine, 99%+	Acros Organics	52-90-4
Ficoll	Fisher	BP525-100
100 mm x 15 mm Petri dish	Fisher	FB0875712
Mini Fridge II	Boekel	260009	Benchtop incubator for embryos.
Gap43-RFP plasmid			For making tracer RNA. Ref: Davidson et al., 2006.
Rhodamine dextran, 10,000 M.W.	Invitrogen	D1817	Tracer.
Molecular biology grade, USP sterile purified water	Corning	46-000-CI
7" Drummond replacement tubes	Drummond	3-000-203-G/XL	Microinjection needles.
Needle puller	Sutter Instruments	P-30
Fine forceps	Dumont	11252-30	For breaking microinjection needle tip.
Nanoject II	Drummond	3-000-204	Microinjector.
Mineral oil, heavy	Fisher	CAS 8042-47-5	Oil for needles.
27 G Monoject hypodermic needle	Covidien	8881200508	For loading mineral oil into microinjection needle.
5 ml Luer-Lok syringe	BD	309646	For loading mineral oil into microinjection needle.
60 mm x 15 mm Petri dish	Fisher	FB0875713A
800 micron Polyester mesh	Small Parts	CMY-0800-C
Transfer pipets	Fisher	13-711-7M	For transferring embryos. Cut off the tip so that the embryos are easily taken up by the pipette.
6-well cell culture plate	Nest Biotechnology
MOPS	Fisher	BP308-500
EGTA	Acros Organics	67-42-5
Formaldehyde	Fisher	BP531-500
15 mm x 45 mm Screw thread vial	Fisher	03-339-25B	For fixing, staining, and storing embryos.
24-well cell Culture plate	Nest Biotechnology
Benzocaine	Spectrum	BE130
Ethanol	Fisher	BP2818-4
Methanol	Fisher	A412-4
Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) 1x powder	Fisher	BP661-50
Bovine serum albumen	Fisher	BP1600-100
Triton X-100	Fisher	BP151-500
3D Mini rocker, model 135	Denville Scientific	57281
Goat serum, New Zealand origin	Invitrogen	16210064
Sodium azide	Fisher	S227I-25
Monoclonal 3G8 antibody	European Xenopus Resource Centre		Primary antibody to label proximal tubules.
Monoclonal 4A6 antibody	European Xenopus Resource Centre		Primary antibody to label intermediate, distal and connecting tubules.
anti-RFP pAb, purified IgG/rabbit	MBL	PM005	Primary antibody to label Gap43-RFP tracer.
Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-mouse IgG	Life Technologies	A11001	Secondary antibody to label kidney tubules.
Alexa Fluor 555 goat anti-rabbit IgG	Life Technologies	A21428	Secondary antibody to label Gap43-RFP tracer.
9 Cavity spot plate	Corning	7220-85
Benzyl benzoate	Fisher	105862500	Optional - for clearing embryos
Benzyl alcohol	Fisher	A396-500	Optional - for clearing embryos