Ultrasound Assessment of Flow-Mediated Dilation of the Brachial and Superficial Femoral Arteries in Rats

Summary

Non-invasive assessment of endothelial function in humans can be determined by the flow-mediated dilation technique. Although thousands of studies have used this technique, no study has performed this technique non-invasively in rats. The following article describes non-invasive measurement of flow-mediated dilation in the brachial and superficial femoral arteries of rats.

Abstract

Arterial vasodilation to increases in wall shear rate is indicative of vascular endothelial function. In humans, the non-invasive measurement of endothelial function can be achieved by employing the flow-mediated dilation technique, typically performed in the brachial or superficial femoral artery. Briefly, a blood pressure cuff placed distal to an ultrasound probe is inflated to a suprasystolic pressure, which results in limb ischemia. After 5 min of occlusion the cuff is deflated, resulting in reactive hyperemia and increases in wall shear rate that signal vasodilatory molecules to be released from the endothelium eliciting vasodilation. Despite the thousands of studies performing flow-mediated dilation in humans, surprisingly, no studies have performed this technique non-invasively in living rats. Considering the recent shift in focus to translational research, the establishment of guidelines for non-invasive measurement of flow-mediated dilation in rats and other rodents would be extremely valuable. In the following article, a protocol is presented for the non-invasive measurement of flow-mediated dilation in brachial and superficial femoral arteries of rats, as those sites are most commonly measured in humans.

Introduction

The vascular endothelium is a cellular monolayer that lines the lumen of arteries and is an important regulator of vascular function. There are numerous molecules released from the endothelium that result in modulation of blood vessel diameter. Among these molecules, nitric oxide (NO), appears to be the primary vasodilatory molecule released from the vascular endothelium in response to stimulation (e.g., insulin, acetylcholine, or changes in shear stress)¹. In the vascular endothelium, NO is produced by the enzyme endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and is subsequently released from endothelial cells². NO diffuses to the vascular smooth muscle where it causes relaxation and increased vessel diameter³.

Endothelial dysfunction can be assessed non-invasively in humans using the flow-mediated dilation (FMD) technique^4,5. FMD has been proposed to represent a functional bioassay for endothelium-derived NO bioavailability in humans, and is typically assessed at the brachial or superficial femoral artery in response to reactive hyperemia following a ~5 min limb occlusion⁶. Reactive hyperemia increases laminar shear forces that are transduced to the endothelial cell⁷, signaling a release of NO⁸. Although in recent years, the proportion of vasodilation initiated by NO release has been debated^9,10, FMD is indicative of endothelium-dependent dilation and has consistently been shown to predict cardiovascular events^11-13.

To date, thousands of studies have employed the FMD technique for non-invasive measurement of endothelial function in humans. Considering the recent shift in focus to translational research, guidelines for the non-invasive measurement of FMD in rodents would be extremely valuable. Keeping with a translational approach, this protocol was established for measurement of FMD in brachial and superficial femoral arteries of rats, as those sites are most commonly measured in humans. This protocol results in a robust and repeatable FMD response in rats, however, measurement of FMD in rats is technically demanding and may be difficult for other investigators to replicate without video demonstration. Therefore, the following article will demonstrate a method for the non-invasive measurement of FMD in the brachial and superficial femoral arteries of rats.

Protocol

All animal procedures conformed to the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals¹⁴ and were approved by the University of Utah and Salt Lake City Veterans Affairs Medical Center Animal Care and Use.

1. Animal Preparation

1. Place animal in anesthesia induction chamber containing 3% isoflurane in 100% oxygen. Leave the animal in the induction chamber until it is unresponsive to external stimuli.
2. Remove the animal from the induction chamber and place it on a heated examination table equipped with electrocardiogram (ECG) electrodes. Maintain anesthesia at 3% isoflurane in 100% oxygen. Brachial and superficial femoral artery FMD cannot be performed simultaneously. Therefore, preparation instructions for each measurement are listed below.

2. Brachial Artery Preparation

1. Position the animal supine and restrain the left upper limb and each lower limb of the animal to the examination table with surgical tape.
2. Restrain the right upper limb of the animal, so that the lower portion of the upper limb is slightly elevated (~0.2-0.5 cm) above the platform.
3. Apply depilatory agent (e.g., Nair) to the animal's right upper limb to remove hair.
4. Position an occlusion cuff (10 mm lumen diameter standard vascular occluder) on the right upper limb distal to the elbow. Do not rest the occluder on the platform, as inflation/deflation will move the limb and disturb ultrasound imagery.
5. Set the ultrasound machine to B-mode using the ultrasound keyboard.
6. Apply a small amount of ultrasound gel to the upper limb of the animal, proximal to the occlusion cuff.
7. Manually align an ultra-high frequency linear array transducer attached to a stereotactic holder with the upper limb. The brachial artery should be visible 2-3 mm deep.
8. To confirm that the brachial artery, not the brachial vein, is being imaged, switch to PW-mode using the ultrasound keyboard. The artery will have pulsatile blood flow as opposed to the adjacent vein which will have continuous blood flow.

3. Superficial Femoral Artery Preparation

1. Position the animal supine and restrain the upper limbs and the left lower limb to the examination table with surgical tape.
2. Restrain the right lower limb of the animal to an elevated position (~0.5-1 cm) above the platform using a pad (e.g., folded paper towels).
3. Apply depilatory agent (e.g., Nair) to the animal's right lower limb to remove hair. After hair removal the femoral vein should be clearly visible at the upper inner thigh.
4. Position an occlusion cuff (10 mm lumen diameter standard vascular occluder) proximal to the right ankle. Do not rest the occluder on the platform, as inflation/deflation will move the lower limb and disturb ultrasound imagery.
5. Set the ultrasound machine to B-mode.
6. Apply a small amount of ultrasound gel to the lower limb of the animal, proximal to the occlusion cuff.
7. Manually align an ultra-high frequency linear array transducer attached to a stereotactic holder with the femoral vein, which is visible through the skin. The superficial femoral artery should be visible <1 mm deep.
8. To confirm that the superficial femoral artery, not the femoral vein, is being imaged, switch to PW-mode. The artery will have pulsatile blood flow as opposed to the adjacent vein which will have continuous blood flow.

4. Baseline Phase

1. Optimize the B-mode image, similar to how it would be done in humans¹⁵. Ensure that a horizontal, longitudinal image of the vessel with intima-media visualized in both walls is observed. Optimize the image by slightly adjusting the ultrasound probe placement to ensure that as much of the artery as possible is viewable in the capture window.
   1. Alternatively, adjust ultrasound settings to obtain a better image by changing the brightness/contrast, focal zones, frequency, dynamic range, and line density. There are other ways to optimize the ultrasound image, but detailed description of those are beyond the scope of this protocol.
2. After optimization of artery imagery, turn on ECG-gating to display only images captured during the R-wave to ensure that only one diameter frame is collected are during each diastolic portion of a cardiac cycle.
   NOTE: ECG-gating is available on the ultrasound machine used in this protocol by selecting ECG-gating under the physiological settings option, however, this feature may not be available on all ultrasound machines. ECG-gating should be turned on after the image is optimized, as it is difficult to obtain an image at lower frame rates (i.e., once per R-wave). Without ECG-gating, the combination of a high heart rate in rats and requirement of a high frame rate to capture the diastolic portion of the cardiac cycle only allows for ~10-20 second clips. The cumbersome size and amount of data in each clip increases the analysis burden substantially.
3. Record 60 seconds of baseline data using B-mode.
   NOTE: The ultrasound machine is always recording, however, not all images are stored on the ultrasound machine, as there is a limit on the number of frames that can be recorded in an ultrasound clip. The clip length (i.e., number of frames) can be adjusted in the settings. It is suggested to set for maximum number of frames per clip. When the recording is at the end of a clip (i.e., maximum number of frames reached), the recording continues, but the clip rolls forward capturing the most recent frames. In this case, earlier frames that were captured outside of the maximum frame limit are subsequently deleted. While these intricacies in recording differ between machines, adjustment of recording length may be necessary.
4. Switch to PW-mode. Place the cursor in the middle of the lumen. Sample gates will be placed automatically in reference to the cursor, but can be adjusted for width using the ultrasound keyboard. Maintain an insonation angle of ≤60°.
   1. Adjust the insonation angle by altering the Doppler beam angle. Make fine adjustments to the angle by using the ultrasound keyboard. If neither of these provide an angle suitable for measurement, manually adjust the ultrasound probe by tilting the artery to a more optimum angle. If any adjustment of the ultrasound angle is performed, recapture B-mode images.
5. Record 10 seconds of velocity data.

5. Occlusion Phase

1. Inflate the vascular occluder using an air-filled 10 ml syringe. To keep air pressure constant in the vascular occluder, fold the tube on itself and place a binder clip on the folded tube.
2. Switch to PW-mode to confirm cuff occlusion, as evidenced by a large reduction in blood velocity.
3. Switch to B-mode and record data in 60 second clips, until 4:45 min of occlusion.
4. Switch to PW-mode. Keep a record of heart rate and the time of each ultrasound clip for analysis.

6. Hyperemic Phase

1. Release the cuff while recording in PW-mode by removing the binder clip from the folded tube. Record 5 seconds prior to and 5 seconds after cuff release.
2. Switch to B-mode and record data in 60 second clips until 3 minutes after occlusion. Keep a record of heart rate and the time of each ultrasound clip for analysis.
3. After completion of FMD remove the animal from the examination table and monitor until it has regained sufficient consciousness to maintain sternal recumbency.

7. Analysis

1. For analysis, export ultrasound as DICOM files to an offline computer equipped with edge-detection software, which allows for unbiased determination of artery diameter at each frame. Analysis is possible on the ultrasound machine, however, it not recommended, as it is extremely time intensive and subject to investigator bias.
2. Analyze artery diameter data in 60 second segments during baseline and occlusion phase, and in 10 second segments during the hyperemic phase.
3. Analyze blood velocity data using the flow analysis capabilities of the automated edge-detection software. Determine average blood velocity by measuring 5 or more consecutive waveforms of uniform appearance during baseline and occlusion phases. Determine average blood velocity during reactive hyperemia for blood velocities immediately after cuff release. The waveform with highest blood velocity is considered peak blood velocity.

Results

Flow-mediated dilation was performed on the brachial and superficial femoral artery of 8 Wistar rats. Positioning of a rat is shown in Figure 1.

Representative ultrasound images of the superficial femoral artery are shown in Figure 2.

Discussion

In the present study, a non-invasive measurement of FMD was demonstrated in the brachial and superficial femoral arteries of rats. Similar to humans⁶, following a 5 min occlusion period, there was a rapid increase in blood velocity (i.e., reactive hyperemia) thereby increasing shear rate on the arterial wall which resulted in the subsequent vasodilation of the artery. FMD was observed in both the brachial and superficial femoral arteries. Additionally, there was a strong relationship in FMD between arteries. A...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Vevo 2100 High Resolution Micro-Ultrasound Imaging System	VisualSonics, Toronto, ON, CAN
MicroScan Ultra-High Frequency Linear Array Transducer - MS-700 30-70 MHz	VisualSonics, Toronto, ON, CAN
Vevo Imaging Station	VisualSonics, Toronto, ON, CAN
Thermasonic gel warmer	Parker Laboratories, Fairfield, NJ, USA	82-03	Optional
Signacreme electrode cream	Parker Laboratories, Fairfield, NJ, USA	17-05
Transpore surgical tape	3M, Maplewood, MN, USA	1527-1
Depilatory cream (e.g., Nair)	General supply
Cotton swabs	General supply
Ultrasound gel	General supply
Standard vascular occluder, 10 mm lumen diameter	Harvard Apparatus, Holliston, MA, USA	62-0115
10 ml syringe with Luer-Lok tip	General Supply		Used for occlusion cuff apparatus
Paperclip	General Supply		Used for occlusion cuff apparatus
Hypodermic needle – 18 gauge	General Supply		Used for occlusion cuff apparatus
Medium binder clip	General Supply		Used for occlusion cuff apparatus