测试癌细胞的斑马鱼的血管侵袭能力（<em>斑马鱼</em>）
Summary
这种方法利用斑马鱼的胚胎以有效地测试癌细胞的血管侵袭能力。荧光癌细胞注射到发育中的胚胎的precardiac窦或卵黄囊。癌细胞血管浸润和渗出通过尾部区域的荧光显微镜24至96小时后评估。
Abstract
Cancer cell vascular invasion and extravasation is a hallmark of metastatic progression. Traditional in vitro models of cancer cell invasion of endothelia typically lack the fluid dynamics that invading cells are otherwise exposed to in vivo. However, in vivo systems such as mouse models, though more physiologically relevant, require longer experimental timescales and present unique challenges associated with monitoring and data analysis. Here we describe a zebrafish assay that seeks to bridge this technical gap by allowing for the rapid assessment of cancer cell vascular invasion and extravasation. The approach involves injecting fluorescent cancer cells into the precardiac sinus of transparent 2-day old zebrafish embryos whose vasculature is marked by a contrasting fluorescent reporter. Following injection, the cancer cells must survive in circulation and subsequently extravasate from vessels into tissues in the caudal region of the embryo. Extravasated cancer cells are efficiently identified and scored in live embryos via fluorescence imaging at a fixed timepoint. This technique can be modified to study intravasation and/or competition amongst a heterogeneous mixture of cancer cells by changing the injection site to the yolk sac. Together, these methods can evaluate a hallmark behavior of cancer cells and help uncover mechanisms indicative of malignant progression to the metastatic phenotype.
Introduction
转移性疾病是癌症死亡率和许多机制，使癌细胞传播有待发现1的一个主要原因。为了使癌细胞成功转移，它首先必须通过围绕一个原发肿瘤中，输入（intravasate）进入循环系统基质侵入，生存在从循环中转，出口（渗出），最后建立一个可行的菌落在远处器官的网站2。血管内和外渗因此在转移级联关键步骤，但每一个癌细胞是不是破坏，并通过内皮连接3迁移本身娴熟。事实上，有一系列的周围癌细胞的血管侵袭和方法可以通过多种4内源性和外源性因素的进一步影响独特的选择压力。由于这些原因，该探头的晚期癌症的攻击行为技术通常专注上的vascular浸润能力作为一种手段来预测转移扩散。
各种模型系统中，以方便癌细胞血管浸润的体外研究。 在体外测定法中最常用的涉及任一的transwell系统通过内皮屏障5或电动细胞-基底阻抗传感（ECIS）技术评估癌症细胞迁移并监控由癌细胞6完整内皮单层的实时中断。这些测定通常缺乏流体动力学和基质因素，否则将影响癌细胞附着到内皮壁上。这个问题在某种程度上被从内皮细胞的三维培养与出现支持基质细胞perfusable血管网络规避，而这些3D微流体系统现在代表目前在体外选项7,8前列。尽管如此，这些方法省略官能循环系统的鲁棒微因此只在体内模型中部分替代品。
最广泛使用的血管浸润的体内模型是鼠标，其中因为它们发生在相对短的时间尺度，并且一般指示转移能力9实验性转移测定法，通常进行。这些分析包括直接注入肿瘤细胞进入流通，因此转移，器官即外渗和癌细胞定植结束阶段模型。实验转移测定不同根据肿瘤细胞注射的部位和器官，最终分析。在第一测定类型，癌症的细胞注射到小鼠和癌细胞播种在肺部尾静脉监视10,11。第二测定涉及执行腔内注射直接朝向骨微环境12-14转移性播种，而且脑15。在第三个实验中，癌症Ç厄尔注入脾脏以允许肝脏16的定植而第四传送路径进入颈动脉进行癌细胞到大脑17,18。无论癌细胞交货方式，器官殖民化是接受实验的端点，一般是通过发光，组织学，或基于PCR的技术来确定。尽管小鼠主机中进行实验测定转移的生理优势，这些实验仍然需要几个星期到几个月才能完成和分析。
斑马鱼（ 斑马鱼 ）模型最近出现的一个新的系统来研究癌症进展19,20，并允许癌细胞血管浸润过短得多的时间尺度的功能循环系统内的评估时，小鼠相比，21-24。该方法利用有其内皮标记有一个绿色的珊瑚暗礁FLUO透明斑马鱼品系rescent蛋白报告由kdrl启动子，血管内皮生长因子25的斑马鱼受体驱动。在测定中，癌细胞被标记有红色荧光标记物，并注入2日龄胚胎precardiac窦。间48到96小时的任何地方的注射后，即已经侵入了脉管的和成胚胎的尾部区域癌细胞可以有效地在荧光显微镜评分。在这里，我们采用的技术中常用的人乳腺癌细胞系组成的小组，证明他们的血管侵袭能力明显的差异。此外，我们证明，改变注射部位的胚胎卵黄囊允许异质细胞相互作用的研究，如癌症的细胞群可以用荧光染料进行差异标记，并注射入缺乏荧光脉管斑马鱼的胚胎。在后一种测定法中，已经侵入蛋黄和癌细胞intravasated入vasculaturE分别打进尾区域24注射后48小时。由于该模型的有效性和方便性，斑马鱼日益用于快速测试下一个生理设置癌细胞的血管侵袭能力。
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
这种技术利用了斑马鱼模型来有效地测试癌症细胞（参见图1）的血管侵袭能力。在这里，我们采用的技术的乳腺癌细胞系的组，以提供一个基线到其上其他研究者然后可以建立他们自己的研究（ 见表1; 图2 – 3）。该MDA-MB-231细胞很容易地侵入到斑马鱼胚胎的尾部区域观察会使该细胞系适用于测试可能抑制血管浸润剂。相对较少创伤的细胞系，像HCC1806或MDA-MB-468…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
We thank Peter Johnson of the Georgetown University Microscopy Core for assistance with imaging the zebrafish embryos. The Microscopy & Imaging Shared Resource and the Zebrafish Shared Resource are partially supported by NIH/NCI grant P30-CA051008. This work was also supported by NIH/NCI CA71508 (AW) and CA177466 (AW).
Materials
| 0.05% Trypsin-EDTA | Life Technologies | 25300-054 | |
| 100mm Dishes | Corning Incorporated | 3160-100 | |
| 5 3/4" Disposable Pastur Pipets, borosilicate Glass | Fisher Brand | 13-678-20B | |
| 60 mm Dish | Corning Incorporated | 3160-60 | |
| Agarose, Low Melting | Fisher | BP165-25 | |
| Agarose, Molecular Grade | Bioline | BIO-41026 | |
| Capillary Glass, Standard, 1.2MM x 0.68MM, 4" | A-M Systems, Inc | 627000 | |
| David Kopf 700C Vertical Pipette Puller | Hofstra Group | 3600 | |
| DMEM | Life Technologies | 11995-065 | |
| Electrode Storage Jar, 1.0MM | World Precision Instruments, Inc | E210 | |
| Ethyl 3-aminobenzoate methanesulfonate salt (Tricaine, MS-222) | Fluka | A5040 | |
| Eyelash Brush | Ted Pella, Inc | 113 | |
| Fetal Bovine Serum, Heat Inactivated | Omega Scientific | FB-12 | |
| Fisherbrand Transfer Pipettes | ThermoFisher Scientific | 13-711-7M | |
| Gel Loading Pipet Tips | Fisher Brand | 02-707-181 | |
| Glass Bottom Dishes (12.0 mm) | ThermoFisher Scientific | 150680 | |
| Glass Depression Slide | VWR | 470005-634 | |
| Instant Ocean Salt, Sea Salt | Pentair | IS50 | |
| Latex Rubber Bulbs, 2mL, Pack of 72 | Heathrow Scientific | HS20622B | |
| SP8 Confocal Microscope | Leica | ||
| Micromanipulator | Narishige | ||
| Eclipse E600 | Nikon | ||
| PBS | Life Technologies | 10010-023 | |
| Penicillin-G Potassium | Fisher Biotech | BP914-100 | |
| Petri Plates, 100mm x 15mm | Fisher Brand | FB0875713 | |
| Picospritzer II | General Valve Corporation | ||
| RPMI 1640 Medium | Life Technologies | 11875-093 | |
| Streptomycin Sulfate | Fisher Biotech | BP910-50 | |
| Vybrant DiI | ThermoFisher Scientific | V22885 | |
| Vybrant DiO | ThermoFisher Scientific | V22886 | |
| Zebrafish | Georgetown Zebrafish Shared Resources | ||
| Cell lines were maintained in DMEM + 10% FBS, with the expection of BT-474 and HCC18-6 cells, which were mantained in RPMI + 10% FBS. | |||
References
- Cummings, M. C., et al. Metastatic progression of breast cancer: insights from 50 years of autopsies. Am J Path. 232, 23-31 (2014).
- Nguyen, D. X., Bos, P. D., Massagué, J. Metastasis: from dissemination to organ-specific colonization. Nat Rev Cancer. 9 (4), 274-284 (2009).
- Reymond, N., d’Água, B. B., Ridley, A. J. Crossing the endothelial barrier during metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer. 13 (12), 858-870 (2013).
- Quail, D. F., Joyce, J. A. Microenvironmental regulation of tumor progression and metastasis. Nat Med. 19 (11), 1423-1437 (2013).
- Hooper, S., Marshall, J. F., Sahai, E. Tumor cell migration in three dimensions. Method Enzymol. 409, 625-642 (2006).
- Rahim, S., Üren, A. A real-time electrical impedance based technique to measure invasion of endothelial cell monolayer by cancer cells. J Vis Exp. (50), (2011).
- Jeon, J. S., et al. Human 3D vascularized organotypic microfluidic assays to study breast cancer cell extravasation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 112 (1), 214-219 (2015).
- Shin, Y., et al. Microfluidic assay for simultaneous culture of multiple cell types on surfaces or within hydrogels. Nat Protoc. 7 (7), 1247-1259 (2012).
- Vargo-Gogola, T., Rosen, J. M. Modelling breast cancer: one size does not fit all. Nat Rev Cancer. 7 (9), 659-672 (2007).
- Mohanty, S., Xu, L. Experimental metastasis assay. J Vis Exp. (42), (2010).
- Minn, A. J., et al. Genes that mediate breast cancer metastasis to lung. Nature. 436 (7050), 518-524 (2005).
- Campbell, J. P., Merkel, A. R., Masood-Campbell, S. K., Elefteriou, F., Sterling, J. A. Models of bone metastasis. J Vis Exp. (64), e4260 (2012).
- Arguello, F., Baggs, R. B., Frantz, C. N. A murine model of experimental metastasis to bone and bone marrow. Cancer Res. 48 (23), 6876-6881 (1988).
- Minn, A. J., et al. Distinct organ-specific metastatic potential of individual breast cancer cells and primary tumors. J Clin Invest. 115 (1), 44-55 (2005).
- Bos, P. D., et al. Genes that mediate breast cancer metastasis to the brain. Nature. 459 (7249), 1005-1009 (2009).
- Soares, K. C., et al. A preclinical murine model of hepatic metastases. J Vis Exp. (91), e51677 (2014).
- Kienast, Y., et al. Real-time imaging reveals the single steps of brain metastasis formation. Nature Med. 16 (1), 116-122 (2010).
- Hasegawa, H., Ushio, Y., Hayakawa, T., Yamada, K., Mogami, H. Changes of the blood-brain barrier in experimental metastatic brain tumors. J Neurosurg. 59 (2), 304-310 (1983).
- Amatruda, J. F., Shepard, J. L., Stern, H. M., Zon, L. I. Zebrafish as a cancer model system. Cancer Cell. 1 (3), 229-231 (2002).
- Feitsma, H., Cuppen, E. Zebrafish as a cancer model. Molecular Cancer Res. 6 (5), 685-694 (2008).
- Stoletov, K., Klemke, R. Catch of the day: zebrafish as a human cancer model. Oncogene. 27 (33), 4509-4520 (2008).
- Stoletov, K., et al. Visualizing extravasation dynamics of metastatic tumor cells. J Cell Sci. 123 (13), 2332-2341 (2010).
- Kanada, M., Zhang, J., Yan, L., Sakurai, T., Terakawa, S. Endothelial cell-initiated extravasation of cancer cells visualized in zebrafish. PeerJ. , (2014).
- Teng, Y., Xie, X., Walker, S., White, D. T., Mumm, J. S., Cowell, J. K. Evaluating human cancer cell metastasis in zebrafish. BMC Cancer. 13 (453), (2013).
- Cross, L. M., Cook, M. A., Lin, S., Chen, J. -. N., Rubinstein, A. L. Rapid analysis of angiogenesis drugs in a live fluorescent zebrafish assay. Arterioscl Throm Vas. 23 (5), 911-912 (2003).
- Sharif, G. M., et al. Cell growth density modulates cancer cell vascular invasion via Hippo pathway activity and CXCR2 signaling. Oncogene. 34, 5879-5889 (2015).
- Novoa, B., Figueras, A. Zebrafish: model for the study of inflammation and the innate immune response to infectious diseases. Adv Exp Med Biol. 946, 253-275 (2012).
- Kitamura, T., Qian, B. -. Z., Pollard, J. W. Immune cell promotion of metastasis. Nature Rev Immunol. 15 (2), 73-86 (2015).
- He, S., et al. Neutrophil-mediated experimental metastasis is enhanced by VEGFR inhibition in a zebrafish xenograft model. J Pathol. 227 (4), 431-445 (2012).
- Tulotta, C., et al. Inhibition of signaling between human CXCR4 and zebrafish ligands by the small molecule IT1t impairs the formation of triple-negative breast cancer early metastases in a zebrafish xenograft model. Dis Model Mech. 9 (2), 141-153 (2016).
- Renshaw, S. A., Loynes, C. A., Trushell, D. M. I., Elworthy, S., Ingham, P. W., Whyte, M. K. B. A transgenic zebrafish model of neutrophilic inflammation. Blood. 108 (13), 3976-3978 (2006).
- Berens, E. B., et al. Keratin-associated protein 5-5 controls cytoskeletal function and cancer cell vascular invasion. Oncogene. , (2016).
