Cardiac Muscle Cell-based Actuator and Self-stabilizing Biorobot - Part 2

Summary

In this study, a biological actuator and a self-stabilizing, swimming biorobot with functionalized elastomeric cantilever arms are seeded with cardiomyocytes, cultured, and characterized for their biochemical and biomechanical properties over time.

Abstract

In recent years, hybrid devices that consist of a living cell or tissue component integrated with a synthetic mechanical backbone have been developed. These devices, called biorobots, are powered solely by the force generated from the contractile activity of the living component and, due to their many inherent advantages, could be an alternative to conventional fully artificial robots. Here, we describe the methods to seed and characterize a biological actuator and a biorobot that was designed, fabricated, and functionalized in the first part of this two-part article. Fabricated biological actuator and biorobot devices composed of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) base and a thin film cantilever were functionalized for cell attachment with fibronectin. Following functionalization, neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were seeded onto the PDMS cantilever arm at a high density, resulting in a confluent cell sheet. The devices were imaged every day and the movement of the cantilever arms was analyzed. On the second day after seeding, we observed the bending of the cantilever arms due to the forces exerted by the cells during spontaneous contractions. Upon quantitative analysis of the cantilever bending, a gradual increase in the surface stress exerted by the cells as they matured over time was observed. Likewise, we observed movement of the biorobot due to the actuation of the PDMS cantilever arm, which acted as a fin. Upon quantification of the swimming profiles of the devices, various propulsion modes were observed, which were influenced by the resting angle of the fin. The direction of motion and the beating frequency were also determined by the resting angle of the fin, and a maximum swim velocity of 142 µm/s was observed. In this manuscript, we describe the procedure for populating the fabricated devices with cardiomyocytes, as well as for the assessment of the biological actuator and biorobot activity.

Introduction

Biorobots are devices based on living cells that are incorporated within a mechanical backbone that is usually composed of soft, elastic materials, such as PDMS or hydrogels¹. The cells undergo rhythmic contractions, either spontaneously or in response to stimuli, and thus function as an actuator. The power generated from cell contraction drives various biorobots. Mammalian heart cells (cardiomyocytes) and skeletal muscle cells are often used for biorobot actuation due to their contractile properties. Aside from cardiomyocyte and skeletal muscle cells, other cell types, such as insect muscle tissues² and explanted muscle....

Protocol

All procedures described here have been carried out using an approved protocol and in accordance with the regulations of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of Notre Dame.

1. Cell Seeding and Culture

1. Before starting, prepare the required items: a small funnel, pipettes, and warm Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) and 1% penicillin antibiotic (DMEM complete).
2. Take T-25 flasks along with the functionalized device (biological actuator or the biorobot) within it. Refer to section 4 of Part 1 of this two-part manuscript for details regarding d....

Results

The biological actuator made of a thin PDMS cantilever (25 µm in thickness) and cardiomyocytes constitutes the core of the swimming biorobot, as shown in the schematic and screenshot of the devices in Figure 1. The cells start to exhibit contractions after 24 h in culture, and bending of the cantilever arms was observed by day 2. The side profile of the device was recorded every day, and the surface stress was quantified from the bending of the cantilever arms using a cus.......

Discussion

The procedure outlined here describes a successful seeding method for PDMS-based actuators and biorobots, which facilitates the attachment of cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, the process of image acquisition and the subsequent analysis that characterizes the behavior of the cells and the performance of the devices was described.

We observed spontaneous contraction of cells on the cantilever arms after 24 h; the intensity of contractions continued to increase steadily over time and reached a maximu.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Chemicals and reagents
Cardiomyocytes (primary cardiac cells)	Charles River	NA	Isolated from 2-day old neonatal Sprague Dawley rats
Dulbecco’s modified eagle’s media (DMEM)	Hyclone Laboratories	16750-074	with 4500 mg/L glucose, 4.0 mM L-glutamine, and 110 mg/L sodium pyruvate
Fetalclone III serum	Hyclone industries, GE	16777-240	Fetal bovin serum (FBS)
Dulbecco’s phosphate buffer (PBS)	Sigma-Aldrich	D1408-100ML
Penicillin-G sodium salt	Sigma-Aldrich	P3032
Goat serum	Sigma-Aldrich	G9023
4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrocholride powder (DAPI)	Sigma-Aldrich	D9542
Fibronectin from bovine plasma	Sigma-Aldrich	F1141	Solution (1 mg/ml)
Calcein-AM and ethidium homodimer-1 kit (Live/Dead Assay)	Molecular Probes	L3224
Calcium Fluo-4, AM	Molecular Probes	F14217	calcium indicator dye
Tyrodes salt solution	Sigma-Aldrich	T2397	buffer solution
Pluronic F-127	Molecular Probes	P3000MP	nonionic surfactant-20 % solution in Dimethylsiloxane (DMSO)
16% Parafomaldehyde	Electron microscopy	15710	Caution: Irritant and combustible
Triton x-100	Sigma-Aldrich	X-100 100 mL	cell lyses detergent, (4-(1,1,3,3-Tetramethylbutyl)phenyl-polyethylene glycol, t-Octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol, Polyethylene glycol tert-octylphenyl ether)
ProLong gold antifade reagent	Molecular Probes	P10144	Mounting agent
Alexa Fluor 594 Phalloidin	Molecular Probes	A12381	Actin filament marker
Goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) secondary antibody, Alexa Fluor 594 conjugate	Molecular Probes	A-11012
pha	Molecular Probes	A-11001
Anti-connexin 43 antibody	Abcam	ab11370	Gap junction marker
Anti-cardiac troponin I antibody	Abcam	ab10231	Contractile protein
16% EM grade paraformaldehyde solution	Electron microscopy	100503-916
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)	Elsevier		Sylgard 184
Materials and Equipment
Camera	Thor Labs	DCC1545M
LED light strip	NA	NA	Any white LED without spectrum emission
Confocal microscope	Nikkon C2	NA	Confocal microscope with three filter set.
Zooming lens	Infinity	Model# 252120
Software
Matlab	Mathworks	NA	Used in Section 4) for biological actuator analysis.
Image J	National Institute of Health	NA	Java-based image processing software. Used in Section 5) for biorobot analysis. Free Image Processing and Analysis software in java. (https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/)
Thor Cam	Thor Labs	NA	Camera operating software