Self-standing Electrochemical Set-up to Enrich Anode-respiring Bacteria On-site

Summary

On-site microbial enrichment or in situ cultivation techniques can facilitate the isolation of difficult-to-culture microbial taxa, especially from low-biomass or geochemically extreme environments. Here, we describe an electrochemical set-up without using an external power source to enrich microbial strains that are capable of extracellular electron transport (EET).

Abstract

Anaerobic respiration coupled with electron transport to insoluble minerals (referred to as extracellular electron transport [EET]) is thought to be critical for microbial energy production and persistence in many subsurface environments, especially those lacking soluble terminal electron acceptors. While EET-capable microbes have been successfully isolated from various environments, the diversity of bacteria capable of EET is still poorly understood, especially in difficult-to-sample, low energy or extreme environments, such as many subsurface ecosystems. Here, we describe an on-site electrochemical system to enrich EET-capable bacteria using an anode as a respiratory terminal electron acceptor. This anode is connected to a cathode capable of catalyzing abiotic oxygen reduction. Comparing this approach with electrocultivation methods that use a potentiostat for poising the electrode potential, the two-electrode system does not require an external power source. We present an example of our on-site enrichment utilized in an alkaline pond at the Cedars, a terrestrial serpentinization site in Northern California. Prior attempts to cultivate mineral reducing bacteria were unsuccessful, which is likely due to the low-biomass nature of this site and/or the low relative abundance of metal reducing microbes. Prior to implementing our two-electrode enrichment, we measured the vertical profile of dissolved oxygen concentration. This allowed us to place the carbon felt anode and platinum-electroplated carbon felt cathode at depths that would support anaerobic and aerobic processes, respectively. Following on-site incubation, we further enriched the anodic electrode in the laboratory and confirmed a distinct microbial community compared to the surface-attached or biofilm communities normally observed at the Cedars. This enrichment subsequently led to the isolation of the first electrogenic microbe from the Cedars. This method of on-site microbial enrichment has the potential to greatly enhance the isolation of EET-capable bacteria from low biomass or difficult to sample habitats.

Introduction

Several mineral-reducing microbes have been shown to utilize solid-phase minerals as terminal electron acceptors, by extracellular electron transport (EET) processes that conduct electrons to the exterior of the cell via redox enzymes¹. EET is critical, not only for microbe-mineral processes but also applied energy and environmental technologies, such as microbial fuel cells², electrode synthesis³, and bioremediation⁴. New EET-capable bacteria are highly sought after, and have been extensively studied from a fundamental or applied perspective⁵. Howev....

Protocol

1. Construction of a Two-electrode System for Environmental Incubation

1. Preparation of the anode material and treatment of Carbon felt electrode (Figure 2).
   1. Cut the carbon felt to equal dimensions depending on desired biomass enrichment. Soak each electrode in 90% ethanol for 30 min, then rinse at least 8 times with deionized water, sonicating for 1 min after each rinse.
   2. Wash the electrodes twice in 1 M HCl, stirring for a minimum of 12 h for each wash.
   3. Dry the electrodes in a warm (37 °C) oven for 6–12 h or until free of liquid.
   4. Attach electrodes to titan....

Results

Current production was successfully measured for approximately 3 months using a voltage data logger as shown in Figure 3. This time was chosen as it was the longest stable incubation period for the spring, due to strong fall rains affecting the spring. A shorter period could be sufficient, though a longer period could provide stronger enrichment of biomass. We confirmed the connection of the two-electrode system after electrochemical incubation and observed n.......

Discussion

In the described study, we show the enrichment of a microbial consortium, linked with in situ current production. The observed patterns in current support microbial activity in this system over short and long time scales. The critical step for constructing a functional two-electrode (fuel cell type) system is identifying and utilizing a location with a stable water-level and oxygen concentration in the environment. The cathode is exposed to oxygen at the air water interface, while the anode is kept under anaerob.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Carbon felt sheet	n/a	n/a	Used for anode and cathode
Titanium wire	The Nilaco Cooporation	TI-451485	Used to construct fuel cell system
Graphite epoxy	Electrolytica lnc.	n/a	Used to connect the electrodes and Ti wire
Drying oven	Yamato	DY300	bake the electrode to solidify conductive graphite epoxy
Digital multi meter	Fluke	616-1454	to check the ohmic value of resistance
Dissolved oxygen probe	Sper Science	#  850045	to check the oxygen concentration in the environments
Resistor	Sodial		Used to construct fuel cell system
Conducting wire	Pico	81141s	Used to construct fuel cell system
Voltmeter and Data logger	T&D corporation	VR-71	Used for data recording
Hydrogen Hexachloroplatinate(IV) Hexahydrate	wako	18497-13-7	Used for electropolation
Citric acid	Wako	038-06925	Used for electropolation
Sulfuric acid	Wako	192-04696	Used for electropolation
HCl	Wako	083-01095	Used for electrode washing
Glass cylinder	N/A	N/A	Custom-made, used as the electrochemical reactor
PTFE cover and base	N/A	N/A	Custom-made, used as a cover and a foundation of the electrochemical reactor
Buthyl rubber	N/A	N/A	Custom-made, inserted between each component of electrochemical reactor
Septa	GL Science	3007-16101	Used as an injection port of electrochemical reactor
Indium tin-doped oxide (ITO) electrode	GEOMATEC	No.0001	Used as a working electrode, 5Ω/sq
Ag/AgCl KCl saturated electrode	HOKUTO DENKO	HX-R5	Used as a reference electrode, Φ0.30mm
Platinum wire	The Nilaco Cooporation	PT-351325	Used as a counter electrode
NaHCO3	Wako	191-01305	Used for The Cedars Media (CMS)
CaCO3	Wako	030-00385	Used for CMS
NH4Cl	Wako	011-03015	Used for CMS
MgCl2 • 6H2O	Wako	135-00165	Used for CMS
NaOH	Wako	198-13765	Used for CMS
Na2SO4	Wako	194-03355	Used for CMS
K2HPO4	Wako	164-04295	Used for CMS
CABS	SANTA CRUZ	SC-285279	Used for CMS
Incubator	TOKYO RIKAKIKAI CO. LTD.	LTI-601SD	Used for precultivation
Autoclave machine	TOMY SEIKO CO. LTD.	LSX-500	Used for sterilization of the electrochemical reactor and the medium
Clean bench	SANYO	MCV-91BNF	Used to prevent the contamination of the electrochemical reactor and the medium with other microbes
Centrifuge separator	Eppendorf	5430R	Rotational speed upto 6000×g is required
Nitrogen gas generator	Puequ CO. LTD.	PNTN-2	Nitrogen gas cylinder can also be used instead of gas generator
UV-vis spectrometer	SHIMADZU	UV-1800	Used for optimization of cell density
Potentiostat	BioLogic	VMP3	Used for biofilm formation and kinetic isotope effect experiments
Thermal water circulator	AS ONE	TR-1A	Used for maintanance of temperature of electrochemcial reactor
Faraday cage	HOKUTO DENKO	HS-201S	Used for electrochemical experiments
Anaerobic Chamber	COY	TypeB (Vinyl)	TO conduct experiments under anaerobic condition
Ultraclean DNA Extraction kit	MoBio