Method Article

Printed Glycan Array: A Sensitive Technique for the Analysis of the Repertoire of Circulating Anti-carbohydrate Antibodies in Small Animals

DOI:

10.3791/57662

⸱

February 14th, 2019

 ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  , 
1Infectious Pathology and Transplantation Division, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 2Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry (IBCh), Russian Academy of Sciences, 3Semiotik LLC, 4Auckland University of Technology, 5Intensive Care Department, Bellvitge University Hospital

* These authors contributed equally

In This Article

Summary

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This work shows the potential of printed glycan array (PGA) technology for the analysis of circulating anti-carbohydrate antibodies in small animals.

Abstract

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The repertoire of circulating anti-carbohydrate antibodies of a given individual is often associated with its immunological status. Not only the individual immune condition determines the success in combating internal and external potential threat signals, but also the existence of a particular pattern of circulating anti-glycan antibodies (and their serological level variation) could be a significant marker of the onset and progression of certain pathological conditions. Here, we describe a Printed Glycan Array (PGA)-based methodology that offers the opportunity to measure hundreds of glycan targets with very high sensitivity; using a minimal amount of sample, which is a common restriction present when small animals (rats, mice, hamster, etc.) are used as models to address aspects of human diseases. As a representative example of this approach, we show the results obtained from the analysis of the repertoire of natural anti-glycan antibodies in BALB/c mice. We demonstrate that each BALB/c mouse involved in the study, despite being genetically identical and maintained under the same conditions, develops a particular pattern of natural anti-carbohydrate antibodies. This work claims to expand the use of PGA technology to investigate repertoire (specificities) and the levels of circulating anti-carbohydrates antibodies, both in health and during any pathological condition.

Introduction

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Antibodies play a central role in our defense against invading pathogens by directly neutralizing viruses1,2 and bacteria2,3, by activating the complement system4,5 and the enhancement of phagocytosis6. Additionally, they are essential elements in cancer targeting and elimination of malignant cells7, and homeostasis maintenance8,9.

Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases10 and cancer11. All these pathological conditions ideally demand a prompt diagnosis for an efficient treatment. In the case of autoimmune disorders, the serological presence of autoantibodies in most of the cases is a predictor for diagnostic of autoimmunity10,12. These antibodies react with the cell surface and extracellular autoantigens and, they are often present for many years before the presentation of autoimmune disease10,12. Immune deficiencies and cancer are also diagnosed with blood tests that either measure the level of immune elements such as antibodies, or their functional activity11.

The identification of the repertoire of circulating antibodies and their serological levels are paramount to set a prognosis and evaluate the progression of all of the mentioned pathological conditions. We have previously demonstrated the potential of PGA technique for the analysis of circulating antibodies in different animal species13-16, minimizing the use of large volumes of serological samples, avoiding the problem associated with antibodies cross-reactivity17 and allowing high-throughput profiling of an extensive repertoire of antibodies15.

Glycan-based immunoassays are mainly conditioned, among other factors, by the origin and production of carbohydrates, which determine the affinity and binding of ligands15,18,19,20,21. Glycan-based immunoassays can be developed in suspension (microspheres)15,21,22 or in flat-activated surfaces15,21,22,23,24. The last include ELISA (the most conventional of these methods) and PGA. There is not much data comparing these methodologies in the same experimental setting15,25,26,27. We have previously compared the efficacy and selectivity of these immunoassays to profile anti-glycan antibodies in individual human plasma samples15. For some antibodies such as those targeting anti-A/B blood group, all the immunoassays could detect them with statistical significance and they positively correlated with each other15,18,21. Meanwhile, anti-P1 antibodies were primarily detected by PGA with the highest discriminative power, and there was no correlation in the determinations made by the different glycan-based immunoassays15,18,21. These differences between methods were mainly related to the antibody/antigen ratio and glycan orientation15. ELISA and suspension arrays are more susceptible to unspecific binding than PGA because there is an excess of antigen over antibodies in these methods15. Additionally, the orientation of glycans in the PGA is more restricted than in ELISA and suspension arrays15. ELISA is convenient when the study includes a limited panel of glycans. Along with suspension arrays, ELISA offers broader flexibility regarding assay reconfiguration. PGA is exceptionally convenient for discovery approaches15,18,21,28. Despite these clear advantages and disadvantages, the three mentioned immunoassays could be used to study different aspects of glycan-antibody interactions. The final goal of the study is the one will guide the selection of the more suitable methodology.

The present work aims to extend the use of PGA technology for the analysis of the repertoire of circulating anti-glycan antibodies in small animals. As a representative result, we present here a detailed protocol to assess the repertoire of natural anti-carbohydrate antibodies in adult BALB/c mice by PGA.

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Protocol

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1. Glycochips Production

  1. Microarray preparation
    1. Print the glycans (50 mM) and polysaccharides (10 µg/mL) in 300 mM phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 8.5) at 6 replicates onto N-hydroxysuccinimide-derivatized glass slides, using non-contact robotic arrayer (drop volume ~900 pL). Each slide contains 4 different blocks of sub-arrays (Figure 1A, in colors) repeated 6 times. Every single sub-array is formed by 112 different glycan spots, including controls (8 rows × 14 columns) (Figure 1B).
      NOTE: Glycan-related information is provided in the Supplementary Table 1. The glycan library used for printing microchips is the result of a long-term synthetic effort of the IBCh team; examples of synthesis are described in related publications29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38. The glycan library included blood group antigens and some of the most frequently occurring terminal oligosaccharides, as well as core motifs of mammalian N- and O-linked glycoproteins and glycolipids, tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens, and polysaccharides from pathogenic bacteria.
    2. Incubate the slides in moisture box (relative humidity ~70%) at room temperature (25 °C) for 1 h.
    3. Blocking microarrays: incubate the slides for 1.5 h with blocking buffer at room temperature (100 mM boric acid, 25 mM ethanolamine, 0.2% (v/v) Tween-20 in ultrapure water).
    4. Wash the glycochip with ultrapure water and dry it by air.
  2. Glycochip quality control
    1. Analyze two microarrays from each batch using 1mg/mL solution of complex immunoglobulin preparation (CIP, containing IgG, IgM and IgA), 10 µg/mL solution of biotinylated goat anti-human immunoglobulins as a secondary antibody (IgM + IgG + IgA), followed by 1 µg/mL solution of the corresponding fluorescent streptavidin conjugate (via protocol described below, see step 2).
    2. Scan and analyze the glycochips (see step 3, analysis of glycan array).
    3. Use microarray batches with intra- and inter-chip correlation higher than 0.9.

2. Glycan Array Technique

  1. Prepare the following aqueous solutions (in ultrapure water) and store them at room temperature (25 °C):
    • Buffer-1: 1% (w/v) bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS, 1% (v/v) Tween-20 and 0.01% (w/v) NaN3
    • Buffer-2: 1% (w/v) BSA in PBS, 0.1% (v/v) Tween-20 and 0.01% (w/v) NaN3.
    • Buffer-3: 0.1% (v/v) Tween-20 in PBS.
    • Buffer-4: 0.001% (v/v) Tween-20 in PBS.
  2. Glycochip and sample preparation
    1. Put the storage box with the slides on the table until they reach room temperature (25 °C).
      NOTE: Use powder-free latex gloves. The glycochip must be manipulated by the bottom part of the glass slide, where the barcode is located. The barcode will help you to identify the right side, avoiding the contact with the surface where the glycans are printed.
    2. Open the box, take the glycochip and place it in the incubation chamber (25 °C), already conditioned with wet filter paper to keep humidity constant inside the chamber.
    3. Meanwhile, dilute the mice serum with Buffer-1 (1:20) in 1.5 mL tubes. Homogenize the serum solution (5 s) with a vortex mixer.
      NOTE: The volume needed to totally cover a single glycochip surface is approximately 1 mL.
    4. After the homogenization, incubate the diluted serum at 37 °C for 10 min in a water bath to avoid immunoglobulin aggregation. Centrifuge the tubes for 3 min at 10,000 x g and 25 °C, collect the supernatant and discard any precipitated material.
    5. Place the glycochip carefully in the incubation chamber. Incubate it for 15 min at 25 °C with 1 mL of Buffer-3 to eliminate any residual material on the surface of the glycochip.
    6. Hold the glycochip in a vertical position and rewash it with some drops of Buffer-3 using a plastic Pasteur pipette. Carefully remove the buffer from the glycochip surface using filter paper.
  3. Reaction: antibodies binding
    1. Place the glycochip in the incubation chamber. Spread the diluted serum sample over the glycochip surface using a micropipette. Incubate with orbital agitation (30 rpm) at 37 °C for 1.5 h. Ensure that all dry area of the glycochip surface is covered by the diluted serum sample using the tip of the pipette.
    2. Remove any excess sample and immerse the glycochip for 5 min in Buffer-3 at 25 °C. Then, move the glycochip to a container with Buffer-4 (5 min) and finally wash (5 min) the glycochip with ultrapure water. Centrifuge the glycochip for 1 min at 175 x g and 25 °C to remove the liquid.
  4. Detection: secondary antibody
    1. Place the glycochip in the incubation chamber. Spread over the glycochip surface a solution (5 µg/mL) of goat anti-mouse (IgG + IgM) conjugated to biotin in Buffer-2. Incubate with orbital agitation (30 rpm) at 37 °C for 1 h.
    2. Remove the unbound fraction and repeat the washing steps.
    3. After the centrifugation, incubate the glycochip in darkness at 25 °C for 45 min (30 rpm) with 2 µg/mL of the corresponding fluorochrome-labeled streptavidin solution (in Buffer-2).
    4. In darkness, remove the unbound fraction and repeat the washing steps.
    5. Dry the glycochip by air.
      Note: Glycochip should be scanned as soon as possible. But if it's impossible to do scan immediately after staining, glycochips can be stored in a cool and dry place in darkness.

3. Analysis of Glycan Array

  1. Scan the array
    1. Leave the glycochip on the table until it reaches room temperature in dark. At the same time, turn on the slide scanner and the laser (excitation wavelength of 633 nm).
    2. Holding the microarray, slide the glycochip into the slot until it touches the back.
    3. Scan the glycochip ("run easy scan"), and save the scan as a ".TIFF" file.
  2. Array quantification
    1. Quantify the array using a ScanArray Analysis System. Open previously scanned images, by clicking "File" in the "Configure & File group" on the Main Window (Figure 1B-D)
    2. Load the corresponding array file template in GAL format (disposition of printed glycans on the glass slide) (Figure 1C).
    3. Adjust GAL template by carefully aligning the array (grids) with the spots in the image and initiate quantification (Figure 1D).
    4. Select the quantification parameters:
      • Quantification type: Run Easy Quant.
      • Quantification method: Fixed Circle
      • Auto find Spots: unclick all options
      • Normalization Method: LOWESS (Locally Weighted Scatter Plot Smoothing).
    5. Save the quantified data as ".CSV" file (Figure 1D). Transfer this data into a common spreadsheet file using Microsoft Excel or another appropriate application.
    6. Use the interquartile range (IQR) as the main statistical method: calculation of the median (Quartile 2) of all signals for each ligand and the interquartile deviation (75th and 25th percentiles, or upper and lower quartiles Q3 and Q1, respectively).
    7. Perform interactive exploration of data by using a Hierarchical Clustering Explorer application.
    8. Use clustering parameters: Average Linkage (UPGMA) and Euclidean distance as similarity distance measure. Perform hierarchical clustering by rows without normalization.

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Results

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Here, we present a summary of representative results obtained from the quantification of the repertoire of natural anti-glycan antibodies in a population of 20 BALB/c mice. The glycochips used in this study contained 419 different glycan structures. Most glycans were synthesized as -CH2CH2CH2NH2 spacer-armed O-glycosides, in several cases as -CH2CH2NH2 or -NHCOCH2NH2 glycosides. All...

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Discussion

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Glycan microarrays have become indispensable tools for studying protein-glycan interactions40. The present work describes a protocol based on PGA technology to study the repertoire of circulating of anti-carbohydrate antibodies in BALB/c mice. Since PGA offers the possibility to screen large numbers of biologically unknown glycans, it is an exceptionally convenient discovery tool13,15,28. The proposed met...

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Disclosures

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Nailya Khasbiullina and Alexey Nokel are employees of Semiotik LLC, which is the supplier of the glycochips used in this study.

Acknowledgements

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This work was supported by "Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias" (FIS) grant PI13/01098 from Carlos III Health Institute, Spanish Ministry of Health. DB-G was benefited from a post-doctoral research position funded by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under the Grant Agreement 603049 (TRANSLINK). Work of NK, NS, and NB was supported by grant #14-50-00131 of Russian Science Foundation. DB-G wants to express his gratitude to Marta Broto, J. Pablo Salvador and Ana Sanchis for excellent technical assistance, and Alexander Rakitko for assistance in statistical analysis. With the support of the "Pla de Doctorats Industrials de la Secretaria d'Universitats i Recerca del Departament d'Empresa i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya (grant number 2018 DI 021). We thank CERCA Programme / Generalitat de Catalunya for institutional support.

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Materials

List of materials used in this article
NameCompanyCatalog NumberComments
Antibodies
biotinylated goat anti-human IgsThermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USARef. #: 31782
biotinylated goat anti-mouse IgM + IgGThermo Fisher ScientificRef. #: 31807
Equipment
Robotic Arrayer sciFLEXARRAYER S5 Scienion AG, Berlin, Germanyhttp://www.scienion.com/products/sciflexarrayer/
Stain Tray (slide incubation chamber)Simport, Beloeil, QC, CanadaRef. #: M920-2
CentrifugeEppendorf, Hamburg, Germany Ref. #: 5810 R
PipettesGilson, Middleton, WI, USAhttp://www.gilson.com/en/Pipette/
Slide Scanner PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USAScanArray GX Plus 
Shaking incubatorCole-Parmer, Staffordshire, UKRef. #: SI50
Biological samples
BALB/c mice seraThis paperN/ A
Complex Immunoglobulin Preparation (CIP)Immuno-Gem, Moscow, Russiahttp://www.biomedservice.ru/price/goods/1/17531
Chemicals, Reagents and Glycans 
Glycan libraryInstitute of Bioorganic Chemistry (IBCh), Moscow, RussiaN/ A
Bovine serum albumin (BSA)Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, Ref. #: A9418
EthanolamineSigma-AldrichRef. #: 411000
Tween-20Merck Chemicals & Life Science S.A., Madrid, SpainRef. #: 655204
Phospahte buffered saline (PBS)VWR International Eurolab S.L, Barcelona, SpainRef. #: E404
Sodium azideSigma-AldrichRef. #: S2002
Streptavidin Alexa Fluor 555 conjugate Thermo Fisher ScientificRef. #: S21381
Streptavidin Cy5 conjugateGE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, Buckinghamshire, UKRef. #: PA45001
Materials
N-hydroxysuccinimide-derivatized glass slides H Schott-Nexterion, Jena, GermanyRef. #: 1070936
Whatman filter paper Sigma-AldrichRef. #: WHA10347509
1.5 mL tubesEppendorf Ref. #: 0030120086
Software and algorithms
ScanArray Express Microarray Analysis SystemPerkinElmerhttp://www.per
kinelmer.com/microarray
Hierarchical Clustering Explorer applicationUniversity of Maryland, MD, USAhttp://www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/hce/

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Tags

Printed Glycan ArrayAnti glycan AntibodiesCirculating AntibodiesSmall Animal ModelsGlycan TargetsSerum SamplesFluorescent ScanningMicroarray AnalysisBiotinylated DetectionStreptavidin Conjugate

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